Statement of Problem: Dentin hypersensitivity is characterized by a short and sharp pain that arises when thermal, evaporative, mechanical or osmotic stimuli are applied to exposed dentin. Most of vital teeth after preparation for fixed crowns encounter dentin hypersensitivity. There are some available categories of materials such as Gluma desensitizer and POTASSIUM NITRATE designed for treating this problem which needs more clinical evaluation to confirm their efficiency.Purpose: This study was performed to compare the effect of Gluma desensitizer and POTASSIUM NITRATE on reduction of hypersensitivity of prepared teeth for full crowns.Materials and Method: This research was performed on 75 vital teeth in 25 patients who needed a fixed prosthesis treatment. After completing routine examinations, the hypersensitivity of teeth was determined with the air sensitivity test. The measurement was done by a VAS scale before preparation, after preparation, before using desensitizers, after using desensitizers and before cementation. Each tooth was randomly assigned in one of the three groups (POTASSIUM NITRATE, gluma and control).Results: It was shown that both desensitizers decreased dentinal hypersensitivity in vital teeth prepared for fix prosthesis; but POTASSIUM NITRATE was more effective after application and before cementation. Meanwhile in 88% of the cases which gluma was used on, a vascular pain (with pulse) was seen.Conclusion: Considering the results, both desensitizers were effective in decreasing dentinal hypersensitivity in vital teeth prepared for fix prosthesis; but POTASSIUM NITRATE showed better results. Therefore, this substance can be used in a therapeutic protocol.

Background and objective: Dentin hypersensitivity is a common problem in periodontal patients. Today, different methods could be used to reveal symptoms or treat this problem such as sodium fluoride or POTASSIUM NITRATE gel. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of these two materials.Methods: In a double-blind clinical trial, 70 of 30-50 year old patients with primary dentin hyper sensitivity and symptoms of dentin hypersensitivity referred to periodontology department of dental faculty and were selected via simple random sampling. Used gels were sodium fluoride 1.23%, POTASSIUM NITRATE 5% and placebo. Treatment was done once a week for 4 weeks. Teeth were examined in day 0, once a week in the first month and once a month until 3 months and patient symptoms were graded using visual analog scale.Findings: All groups showed rational decrease in dentin hypersensitivity (between 3-5 grade) (p>0.05) but in follow-up, effect was stable only in sodium fluoride and POTASSIUM NITRATE groups and in placebo gradually hypersensitivity was recurred. There was no significant difference between groups in any time period (p=0.05). Also there is no significant difference between sexes and treatment gels (p>0.05(.Conclusion: Gels with effective materials can cause a decrease of dentin hypersensitivity compared to placebo. But these effects were stable after treatment for effective gels and diminished in placebo group.

In order to study the effect of ammonium NITRATE and POTASSIUM sulphate on growth characteristics of onion (Allium cepa L. cv. Azar Shahr) a factorail experiment was carried out in a randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Treatments were consist of NH4NO3 (22.5, 45, 67.5 and 90 kg/ha) and K2SO4 (0, 78.3 and 156.6 kg/ha). The experimental results showed that bulb diameter, plant height, number of leaf, leaf area, bulb fresh and dry weight, leaf fresh and dry weight and leaf chlorophyll index significantly affected by application of NH4NO3 and K2SO4. From the experimental results it can be concluded that applying of 90 kg/ha NH4NO3 and 156.6 kg/ha K2SO4 increased leaf chlorophyll index, bulb diameter, plant height, leaf area and leaf fresh and dry weight, whereas, the highest fresh weight of bulb was obtained by supplying 67.5 kg/ha NH4NO3 and 78.3 kg/ha K2SO4. Furthermore, increasing the NH4NO3 content reduced both bulb dry weight and number of leaf.

After Nitrogen, POTASSIUM is an essential and most consumed element, in plant’s growth. POTASSIUM has very important functions to regulation the osmotic potential of the cell, amass retention, the development of cells and stomata activity. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), as an important product for the supply sugar and side industries, due to the high biomass need to attract a large amount of POTASSIUM during its life cycle. This research was done as a complete randomized block design, in applied research farm of Amir-Kabir Agro-industry. To do research, treatment of POTASSIUM NITRATE fertilizer was applied at three levels, control, 75 and 150 kg/h POTASSIUM. During the implementation of the research the density, yield, weight of stem, amount of available, fixed POTASSIUM and anatomical structure of plant aerial part were studied. Applying POTASSIUM fertilizer on treatment did not show significant changes on density and yield of the plant in the farm. As well as the amount of fixed POTASSIUM under the influence of POTASSIUM fertilizer treatment did not show significant changes, but in treatment 150 kg/ha, a significant difference in the amount of available POTASSIUM was seen. The amount of the stem weight in the treatment of 150 kg/ha POTASSIUM in compared to control and treatment of 75 kg/ha POTASSIUM showed significant difference. Often anatomical characteristics showed significant changes in sugarcane under the POTASSIUM treatment. The consumption of POTASSIUM fertilizer at the time of use didn’t developed growing conditions of sugarcane. Anatomical changes of aerial organs under the POTASSIUM fertilizer consumption represented the anatomical adaptation of plant to increase the soil POTASSIUM.

NITRATE is one of the major sources of nitrogen for the growth of plants. It is taken up by plant roots and transported to the leaves where it is reduced to nitrite in the. The main objective of this research was to investigate stimulatory effects of sodium NITRATE, POTASSIUM NITRATE, ammonia and urea on the production/generation of the NITRATE reductase mRNA in Triticum aestivum plants. The plants were grown in standard nutrient solution for 21 days and then starved in a media without NITRATE for seven days. Starved plants were stimulated with various concentrations of sodium NITRATE, POTASSIUM NITRATE, ammonia and urea, and the expression of NITRATE reductase mRNA was analyzed by real-time PCR. Our results indicated that starvation caused significant decrease in the production of NITRATE reductase mRNA in the plant leaf. Sodium and POTASSIUM NITRATE were capable of restoring the production of NITRATE mRNA in a dose-dependent manner, since 50 mM of each produced the highest level of the mRNA. The stimulatory effect of POTASSIUM NITRATE was higher than sodium NITRATE, while ammonia and urea did not show such activity. At low concentrations, sodium NITRATE and POTASSIUM NITRATE caused significant increase in the NITRATE/nitrite mRNA production, whereas high concentrations of these salts suppressed the expression of this gene considerably.

In order to evaluate the effects of POTASSIUM NITRATE nutrition on some low temperature tolerance indices in Citrus aurantium seedlings a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications at the Institute of Citrus Research in Ramsar. Treatments were POTASSIUM NITRATE nutrition at four levels (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mM) and temperature at four levels (25, 0, -3, and -6 °C). Results showed that increasing the concentration of KNO3 reduced superoxide dismutase activity and carotenoid. Concentration of 10 mM POTASSIUM NITRATE also increased water content, leaf color, proline, phenol, and total chlorophyll. Maximum leaf damage, electrolyte leakage, and carotenoid were observed at -6 °C, while the highest antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity with means 37.7% and 24.4 IU. mg -1 FW, respectively were observed in Citrus aurantium leaves at -3 °C. Highest electrolyte leakage was observed at concentration 0 mM POTASSIUM NITRATE and temperature of -6 °C while highest superoxide dismutase was observed at -3 °C with the same concentration of POTASSIUM NITRATE. Results revealed that concentration of 10 mM POTASSIUM NITRATE increases Citrus aurantium tolerance under low temperature stress.

Seed aging increases activity of reactive oxygen molecules and antioxidant enzymes have a key role against increased oxidative stress which is caused by free radicals. Effect of seed priming on increasing of these enzymes activity and its impacts on seed germination characteristics of deteriorated milk thistle seeds was studied in a factorail experiment based on Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications in University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2013. Priming treatment was done in five levels (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 mg per liter POTASSIUM NITRATE) and seed aging by 95% relative humidity and 45o at four levels (non-aging, 48, 96 and 144 hours aging). The results showed that enhancing seed aging reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (62%), catalase (34%), peroxidase (43%), ascorbate peroxidase (57%), glutathione peroxidase (61%) and glutathione reductase (58%), which eventually led to a decrease in germination percentage (25%) and germination rate (15%). Seed priming reduced aging effects and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which eventually led to an increase in germination. The concentration of 30- 40 mgL-1 POTASSIUM NITRATE showed the greatest impact.Regression results showed that the enzyme activity follows a linear relationship with the percentage and rate of seed germination. According to path analysis results, the antioxidant enzymes had direct and indirect effects on the germination rate and germination percent respectively, during changes in free radicals activity, so that the peroxidase activity had the greatest impact on the germination percent and rate (0.56 0.73 respectively).

Salsola rigida is one of the most palatable species of steppe and dispersedly semisteppe areas. The investigation of various features such as its reproduction seems to be essential for vegetation expansion projects in abovementioned regions. The objective of the present study was to compare effects of different treatments on promoting seed germination in Salsola rigida. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of KNO3 (%0.2 and %0.1) and GA3 (100 ppm and 300 ppm). For this purpose, a completely randomized design with four replications in two forms of experiments was done: treatment irrigation during the germination period and presoaking. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of various treatments were significantly different. The treatment of 0.2% KNO3 in presoaking had the highest seed germination percentage. The result obtained from gibberlic acid 300 ppm influence was a little smaller than 0.2% KNO3. Totally, this research cleared that presoaking treatment was more effective on germination stimulation so that presoaking with 0.2% KNO3 increased germination up to 100%.

Introduction: Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ) is an economically important herb crop many other parts of the world. This popular herb is used both as a fresh and as a dried food spice and in traditional medicine. Many diseases such affect the development of basl. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is one of the common leaf pathogens of basil causing necrotic leaf spots and stem lesions. Intensive research has been done to investigate the effects of foliar application of nutrients on growth and biosynthesis of phytochemicals in medicinal plants (Kazemi, 2014). This study was conducted to investigate the effects of POTASSIUM NITRATE on growth parameters, total chlorophyll and phenol, NITRATE content and NITRATE reductase of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ) under C. gloeosporioides infection. Materials and Methods: The seeds were sown in pots in greenhouse and 30 days old plants were sprayed with concentrations of POTASSIUM NITRATE (0, 4, 8 and 12 mM) early in the morning. Plants were inoculated with C. gloeosporioides 5 days after foliar application of KNO3. Samples were collected 10 days after fungal inoculation and assayed for growth, dry weight, total chlorophyll and phenol, NITRATE content and NITRATE reductase and disease severity. The experiment was factorial based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results and Discussion: Effect of foliar application of KNO3 on vegetative characteristics (dry weight of shoots and roots and photosynthetic pigments) of basil plant under different POTASSIUM NITRATE levels is presented in Tabel 2. All growth characteristics, dry weight of shoots and roots and photosynthetic pigments of infected plants decreased. Application of POTASSIUM NITRATE, especially at concentration of 12 mM, could increase the amount and activity of photosynthetic pigments and total phenol in basil which resulted, in reducing the negative effects of C. gloeosporioides infection and an increase on leaf area, dry weight of shoot as compared with those of control (non-application of POTASSIUM NITRATE). Foliar applications of POTASSIUM NITRATE not have significant effect on dry weight of roots and leaf number as compared with those of the control. The exogenous application of KNO3 is related to increased NITRATE content and NITRATE reductase (Fig. 2). The experiments clearly demonstrated the beneficial effects of POTASSIUM NITRATE application on growth, nutrients concentration and defense reactions of basil plants. These results are in agreement with those obtained by Hegazi et al. (2011) and Jabeen and Ahmad (2011) of olive growth and sunflower and safflower improved by foliar application of KNO3, respectively.