Iran lies in tropical climate while global worldwide warming and subsequent draughts in recent several years intensified the notion of climatology, consequently optimal quality of urban and industrial water received more crucial considerations as though it is necessary to set more precaution over water consumption trends , meanwhile utilizing treated wastewater with eliciting convenient strategies for optimum consumption is sensible critically.The current paper represents two strategies by utilization of biofilm in solid surfaces (technology of biobarrier formation and trickling filter technology). Stepwise biofilm formation in these two areas is also explained and practical mathematical modeling in addition to present process employed is discussed in detail. The present paper reviews the employment of biofilm formation to upgrade the production of various industries such as petroleum, mineral, metallurgical, ceramic and hydrological facilities.The concept of biofilm, due to its increased growth of prostheses utilization in medical applications improves bacterial replication and colonies in body as though to threat the health & life even causing fatality, therefore the process of biofilm replication shall be manifested in positive and negative perspectives.

The present investigation is concerned with the reflection and transmission of plane waves at a interface between two swelling POROUS elastic half-spaces in welded contact. It is found that their exist two longitudinal waves and two transverse waves. The expression for various amplitude ratios due to the incidence of longitudinal wave in solid (PS) /longitudinal wave in fluid (PF) / transverse wave in solid (SVS) / transverse wave in fluid (SVF) have been obtained and depicted graphically. It is found the amplitude ratios of reflected and transmitted waves are the functions of angle of incidence and are a effected by the swelling POROUSity of the MEDIA. Surface response at the interface have also been obtained. The results so obtained have been compared with (without swelling POROUS) elastic medium (EL).The present investigation has immense application in structural problems.

The cost of drying carpet which is done toward the end of the manufacturing process, is quite high. The carpet industry has been using convection drying for many years. Little attention has been given to quantifying the effect of microwave power during the drying of carpet. An experimental system was developed whereby air was introduced into the cavity of a domestic microwave oven. The results indicated that microwave power levels and sample specifications are the most important parameters, with statistically significant effects on the drying constants

this paper presents a two-dimensional numerical analysis of an evaporative drying process of the POROUS bodies in a row, considering effects of configuration on heat and mass transfer in assembly. Drying process simulation of three rectangular POROUS material subject to forced convection, was carried out by employing N-S, energy and concentration equations for external air flow; along with moisture conservation and energy equations for the POROUS zone. Numerical predictions indicate that the first POROUS body encountered with flow dries faster in comparison to the others, while for next bodies average moisture contents are approximately equal in all the drying time. Moreover, it was observed that for the first body, both of top surface and opposite surface to the flow direction have equal importance in heat and mass transfer; while top surface of next bodies, have major role in drying process. Also moisture and temperature profiles of the first body have shown essential difference with the other objects. It can be concluded that no significant change in heat and mass transfer and drying rate will be achieved through the change in distance between POROUS bodies.

Bottom intake is one of the most appropriate systems for diverting discharge in steep rivers. Bottom intake with POROUS MEDIA is a new system of diverting discharge which can be replaced by bottom rack intakes. To investigate the hydraulic flow characteristics on diverted discharge of this intake, an experimental model was designed in which the inflow, diverted discharge and remained flow of POROUS MEDIA intake can be measured. In the present research, measurements of the diverted discharge were performed for different rates of flow, grain size distributions as well as surface slopes of intake with clear water. According to the obtained results, by increasing the inflow discharge, the rate of diverted discharge increases gradually and then reaches to a constant value. Any increment of the surface slope above the intake also decrease the relation diverted flow. It is found that the grain size of the POROUS MEDIA has a great influence on the diverted flow. By increasing the grain size diverted flow increases, too. Dimensional analysis and experimental results were used to estimate the discharge coefficient of POROUS MEDIA. Analytical analysis on experimental data shows that the discharge coefficient of POROUS MEDIA intake is about 0.1. Also an empirical-theoretical relation is proposed to evaluate the diverted discharge of this kind of bottom intakes.

This paper presents a numerical simulation of liquid fuel droplets combustion suspended in air in POROUS MEDIA. Solving the equations of conservation of energy and chemical components numerically, combustion in a POROUS medium is modeled. Fuel droplets vaporize and mix thoroughly in the preheating zone filled with air and then enter the combustion zone. Single stage and five-stage combustion mechanisms were used for calculating the rate of change in the concentration of chemical constituents. For modeling of radiation heat flux of POROUS medium corresponding differential equations are used. Thermodynamic properties are obtained from the curves suggested in references. In this numerical model the effects of the absorption coefficient on temperature distribution, radiant flux and mass fraction of numerical components, droplet size, and the amount of pollutant are shown. The results indicate that in the POROUS medium with low absorption coefficient, the radiation flux is increased and thus can be used for larger diameter of the fuel droplets. As a consequence of using POROUS MEDIA with low absorption coefficient, the small size fuel droplets are produced more easily.

In this work a glass micromodel which its grains and pores are non-uniform in size, shape and distribution is considered as POROUS medium. A two-dimensional random network model of micromodel with non-uniform pores has been constructed. The non-uniformity of POROUS model is achieved by assigning parametric distribution functions to pores throat and pores length, which was measured using image analysis technique. Statically derived expressions have been used for prediction of macroscopic properties of POROUS model including: dispersion coefficients, permeability-porosity ratio and capillary pressure. The results confirmed that predicted transport properties are in good agreement with the available experimental data.