In Zahedan , because there is high salinity of plumping water. The patable water of population who live in Zahedan is supplied from water resources which are around the city and usually water tankers and container.Therefore, probability of water POLLUTION increases. This study aims at determining the water MICROBIAL POLLUTION through coliforms and coliforms-as POLLUTION indexes in bacteria testing in 2000.To do this the city is devided into 21 part. Then from each part water samples were choosen. (One sample from tankers and two sample from containers, two sample from water storage in doweellings and 23 sample from main water resources). Out of 128 samples, the fo128 samples, the followings are observed.19% tanker samples contained fecal coliforms while 7.3% of stored water samples in dwelling containedfecal coliforma.In containers which have been filled from public water taps, there was not POLLUTION because of chlorination. 30.4% of the maine water resources had fecal coliforms. Comparing with who standards people in Zahedan do not have suitable potable water and they are danger of different water born diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need of consideration by authorities.

Worldwide coliform bacteria are used as indicators of fecal contamination and hence, the possible presence of disease causing organisms. Therefore, it is important to understand the potential and limitations of these indicator organisms before realistically implementing guidelines and regulations to safeguard our water resources and public health. This review addresses the limitations of current faecal indicator microorganisms and proposed significant alternative MICROBIAL indicators of water and wastewater quality. The relevant literature brings out four such significant MICROBIAL water POLLUTION indicators and the study of these indicators will reveal the total spectrum of water borne pathogens. As E.coli and enterococci indicates the presence of bacterial pathogens, Coliphages indicate the presence of enteric viruses, and Clostridium perfringens, an obligate anaerobe, indicates presence of parasitic protozoan and enteric viruses. Therefore, monitoring a suite of indicator organisms in reclaimed effluent is more likely to be predictive of the presence of certain pathogens in order to protect public health, as no single indicator is most highly predictive of membership in the presence or absence category for pathogens.

Background: Many nosocomial infections are transferred by hand contact between personnel. Among basic actions to control such infections is the investigation of hygienic conditions of washing hands with hand washing liquids. In such situations, if the hand washing agents are contaminated with pathogenic agents, they may lead to the development of nosocomial infections.Objectives: In this study, we investigated infections in hand washing liquids in public hospital of Sanandaj during 2011. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in public hospitals of Sanandaj. The type and species of microorganisms from 52 samples were examined and diagnosed. Statistical analysis was done using Excel with frequency distribution tables and descriptive tests.Results: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (47.36%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (26.31%) had the highest frequencies and Escherichia coli (5.26%) had the lowest isolation rate.Conclusions: The results indicated that the level of contamination at public hospitals of Sanandaj was very high (59.37%). An important finding of this study was the need for appropriate training because we observed liquid containers without lids or with unsuitable lids.

The effects of heavy metals on soil MICROBIAL processes were investigated over a period of six weeks. Analytical grade (Sigma) sulphate salts of copper, zinc and nickel were added individually and in combinations to soil samples and incubated in different plastic pots. Samples were taken from the pots forthnightly and the rates of MICROBIAL carbon and nitrogen mineralization, MICROBIAL biomass carbon and respiration were measured. The results showed the effect of metals on the measured parameters were significant (P<0.05). By the 6th week postreatment, the rates of carbon accumulated were high in the copper (6.03%) and copper:zinc (5.80 %) treatments but low in the nickel and zinc (4.93% and 5.02% respectively). The rates of nitrogen mineralization were 0.41 and 0.44 % in samples treated with copper and copper: zinc compared to 0.22%-0.24% obtained at the beginning of the experiments. Soil MICROBIAL biomass carbon declined from average value of 183.7–185.6mg/g before treatment to as low as 100.8 and 124.6mg/g in samples treated with copper:zinc and copper respectively. The rate of respiration of the soil MICROBIAL populations was equally inhibited by the metals. From an average rate of 2.51-2.56mg of C/g respiration of the soil microbes declined to 0.98, 1.08 and 1.61mg of C/g in the copper:zinc, copper and zinc treated soils by the end of the experiment. The results suggest additive or synergistic effects of the metals.

Grass is more important coverage plant in world and it's covered most of city's parks of Iran. Grass irrigation water requirement is very high and its irrigation is very difficult under conditions of water scarcity. In arid and semi-arid region of Iran where water scarcity is a high problem, considering of poor quality water is a good option for solving this problem. On the other hand, industrial and densely populated centers in various locations are producing huge amounts of sewage. Poor disposal of these sewages has caused environmental problems in the vicinity of these locations. Getting rid of treated sewage is another matter, because of the health problems. Some researches have shown that the best way for use of wastewater after treatment is in irrigation. With regard to health problems, this is very important to generated minimum contact between the effluent and people. For this purpose, treated secondary municipal wastewater of Isfahan plant was used to five irrigation treatments were design included: furrow irrigation with normal water (evidence), drip irrigation (DI) with wastewater, sub-surface drip irrigation (SDI) in 15 cm depth with wastewater, sub-surface drip irrigation in 30 cm depth with wastewater, furrow irrigation with wastewater. Based on results of this research, value of wastewater biological index included BOD5, nematodes, total coliform, total bacterial and fecal coliform were over than permissible level. In these conditions, application of DI (or SDI) sand filters caused to decreased wastewater POLLUTION index included 54% BOD5, 98.9% total bacterial, 99% total coliform, 99% fecal coliform and 57% nematode. Also, application of SDI system caused to decrease moisture of soil surface, so decreased total coliforms and fecal coliforms in soil surface and aril part plant where the value of these parameters is more than standard level. Wherever in surface drip irrigation and furrow irrigation were showed high value of these parameters in soil surface and in grass, Such that the average of these parameters showed significant difference between these treatments and evidence. Finally the results of this research shows that if it's using of SDI which has a sand filter and injects wastewater below of soil, can be solved environmental POLLUTION in condition of using wastewater in grass irrigation.

Background & Objective: Gorgan Gulf, with unique environmental value, has been located at the eastern south region of the Caspian Sea. It has not only valuable fish species such as strugen, Caspian roach, carp and vobla fish which supply a great part of daily protein need of our country and the world, but also its beaches are used for swimming. Therefore Lack of observation for environmental regulations result in entrance of MICROBIAL pollutants into Gorgan Gulf and creates dangers both for human health and for marine environment. So the evaluation MICROBIAL POLLUTION for these beaches and comparing them with standards is an essential need. This study was done to evaluate MICROBIAL POLLUTION for Caspian Sea at Gorgan Gulf. Materials & Methods: 40 sea water samples were collected during spring and autumn of 2004 at Gorgan Gulf for evaluation of sea water in Gorgan Gulf MICROBIAL POLLUTION and also the mean total number of bacteria, coliforms, fecal coli forms and fecal streptococci was determined by standard method.Results: The results indicated that the mean total number of bacteria, coli forms, fecal coli forms and fecal streptococcus were 5001/1cc, 1555/100cc, 817/100cc and 59/100cc respectively.Conclusion: Mean results compared with related standard (both for swimming beach and piscicultres) and we found that Gorgan Gulf beaches have been polluted for swimming applications, but it is not the case for piscicultures.

Kerosene is the colorless liquid and slightly heavier than gasoline that specific odor removes after evaporation. Soil and underground water source are contaminated with different pollutants such as petroleum hydrocarbons. These pollutants have various negative environmental effects on soil and surrounding environment. The aim of this research is to understand the effect of kerosene POLLUTION on two different soils. The two different collected soils include Industrial and Forest soil. Six microcosms were designed. Indeed, each soil has three microcosms: unpolluted microcosm, polluted microcosm, and polluted microcosm with nutrient (Nitrogen and Phosphor). Some factors were assayed in each microcosm during 120 day of experiment. These factors include total heterotrophic bacteria, total kerosene degrading bacteria, dehydrogenase enzyme, and kerosene biodegradation. The results of this study show that the highest quantity of heterotrophic bacteria is related to forest soil (6×109). The quantities of kerosene degrading bacteria significantly were lower than heterotrophic bacteria in all soil microcosms. The quantity of kerosene degrading bacteria have decrement pattern until 60th day of experiment, but, after this day, these bacteria have increment pattern. The best dehydrogenase activity between different microcosms is related to polluted microcosm with kerosene except for farmland soil. The highest biodegradation of kerosene in all studied soil belongs to industrial microcosm (95%). Statistical analysis of the results shows that there is a significant correlation between MPN quantity of heterotrophic bacteria and other assayed factrs. Also, forest soil has significant difference with other soils. It may be possible to propose appropriate strategies for bioremediation of different studied soil types using the results obtained in this research.