Introduction: The DEVELOPMENT and empowerment of any society depend on the sound health conditions of the individuals living in that society. In fact, the two factors of health and DEVELOPMENT are interrelated in a sense that the existence of one gives rise to the other. That is why the present study aims at assessing some PHYSICAL health indexes among secondary-school male students ranging from twelve to fourteen years old in Gachsaran, Iran. The study was carried out during the academic year of 2009-2010. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive research study. The variables assessed in this study include:  PHYSICAL growth like height and weight, health status of vision, hearing, mouth and tooth, as well as that of the vertebral column. For the purpose of this study, 1000 boys with the age range of twelve to fourteen years old, i.e. from the first to the third grade of secondary high school, were randomly selected for the assessment. The selection was based on multistage sampling. The instruments used for data collection include a questionnaire and observation record sheets. As for the PHYSICAL examinations, several instruments were utilized as follows: measuring tape, weighing scale, Snellen chart, tuning fork, flashlight, spatulas and disposable gloves.Results: Regarding the assessment of PHYSICAL growth, the median values for weights and heights of the subjects in all age groups were lower than the median point of NCHS. Generally, the weight of 4.6% of the students was below the third percentile of the NCHS chart, 29.2%, fell between the third and the fiftieth percentiles, 54.3% between the fiftieth and the ninety seventh percentiles and 11.9% of their weight was found to be higher than the ninety seventh percentile of the NCHS chart. As for the findings related to the height, 3.2% of the students were shorter than the third percentile of the NCHS charts, 32.6%, fell between the third and fiftieth percentiles, 52.3% between the fiftieth and ninety seventh percentiles and 11.9% were taller than the ninety seventh percentile of the NCHS chart. The results of assessing visual conditions show that 25.8% of the students with glasses had at least one eye with less than 0.9 visual acuity. Regarding the hearing status, the findings show that 8.4% of the students subjected to whisper test were found to have hearing loss in either one or both ears. In relation to health status of teeth, the findings indicated that 72% of the students participating in the present study had decayed permanent teeth. Concerning the vertebral column, the results indicate that 6.8%, 2.4% and 3.9% of the students in this research had scoliosis, lordosis and kiphosis, respectively. As for demographic specifications, it was found that there was a significant correlation between DMFT index and the fathers’ education as well as the number of children in the familyConclusion: The results of the present study show the importance of paying more attention to students’ dental health, nutrition, PHYSICAL education and health status of visual, hearing and skeletal systems.

The recognition of PHYSICAL-spatial DEVELOPMENT patterns of cities is necessary for achieving to urban sustainability. Because, many of sc, ientists believed that a meaningful relation between urban form and urban sustainability exist. With attention to this issue, the purpose of this research is evaluating of Sabzevar PHYSICAL-spatial DEVELOPMENT pattern with using quantities models such as size-rank rule, Gini coefficient, relative entropy, geary coefficient, and density gradient and correlation analysis. Methodology of research is combination of inductive and apriority methods. The results of this research indicated that during 1993-2006 years, gross population density of Sabzevar very reduced and from 128 per/h received to 76 per/h. this reduction says that in these periods Sabzevar have had s sprawl. Investigation of size-rank rule represented that during 1921-2006 rate of PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT growth is much more than rate of population growth. Density gradient in sabzevar in 2006 is reducing with distance from city center. It means that in Sabzevar city outskirts is developing. Investigation of Equal distribution grade of population with using Gini and relative entropy coefficient indicated that population distribution in Sabzevar in 2006 rather than 1993 has been equaled. Surveys of agglomeration grade of population with use of geary coefficient shows that distribution of population in Sabzevar city in 1993 has been random agglomeration while in 2006 became sprawl. The use of Holdern model indicates that significant part of sprawl in Sabzevar city has been occurred during 2003-2006 years. In these years, 30 percent of urban PHYSICAL growth derives population growth and 70 percent of this growth derives sprawl and horizontal expansion and finally, Correlation analysis indicates that between gross population density and variables such as statistic district area, literacy, family dimension and family in residential unit had existed significant relations. Pay attention to this issue that during 1993-2006 years, sprawl has been one of the important features of PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Sabzevar, it is necessary to urban Manager's restrict factors that create sprawl and horizontal expansion in Sabzevar city.

For DEVELOPMENT of parental pollinators of sugar beet resistant to powdery mildew disease, a rather resistant 14442 population was used. Based on the resistance index, 50 resistant plants were selected to produce half sib families (H.S.F). After open pollinating between these 50 plants, seeds of H.S.F were harvesed. Among these 50 plants, 39 plants produced enough seed. This H.S.F were planted in one raw plot with six replications and evaluated for disease resistance in the next year. Three H.S.Fs (H.S.F13, H.S.F24 and H.S.F35) with high level of resistance were selected. These three families were expressed to selection 150 roots were selected to produce next half sib families. Among these 150 families, 88 roots produced enough seed. In the next cycle, 88 new H.S.F were evaluated for disease resistance and three H.S.Fs (H.S.F5, H.S.F17 and H.S.F22) with high level of resistance were selected. From each H.S.F, 35 roots were selected to produce S1 lines. In the cage, among 105 roots, only 13 plants produced enough seed. 13 S1 were evaluated again for disease resistance in the next year. Low level of infection (12.9 %) was observed in the S1 lines. Therefore, selection in the 14442 population for powdery mildew resistance was very effective, and the plants selected in this method showed 72.6 % selection progress. Because of the high resistance of the S1 lines, they could be used to develop powdery mildew resistancte varieties.

In recent decades, the city DEVELOPMENT and city settlement have been tremendous. This has caused unequal PHYSICAL and spatial expansion. The 21st century is the century of the city and living in city and almost half of the world population live as citizen. A glance at forecasting the data and statistics in 1400 shows an estimation of 130 millions of population and the calculation of present citizen growth makes the need of the areas as much as double. This growth often occurs at cities where land-use is the cause of spoiling optimal land and deterioration of sensitive ecosystem. In our country this case has caused problem. Saghez is one of the northern cities of Kordestan province which is not an exception. The growth and PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT of this city is along the horizontal direction and the extension of buildings in the city is around the central core towards the periphery which has caused the annihilation of agricultural fields and garden. An important problem of this kind of DEVELOPMENT besides the said problem results in social disorder, unequal distribution of land use, the population growth, growth in immigration, the environmental danger, in proportionate specific land-use in city building principal i.e. Wind direction, land slope, direction scope to mention few. This article considers the present PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT and then the optimization of direction for the PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT of the city with the use of human and natural factors through geographical information system.

Infill DEVELOPMENT is a complex and multifaceted category. The importance of this DEVELOPMENT policy lies in sustaining the city and protecting its perepherial environment. This paper attempts to identify the areas of infill DEVELOPMENT, using a descriptive-analytical method and documentary data, and to identify the programs and priorities of the PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT scenario of Tehran metropolitan. The results show that based on a regional and land use prospect, Tehran does not have a same capacity and infill opportunities for all its regions. Thus, the PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT scenario of Tehran needs to pay more attention to the issue in order to reach an internalized DEVELOPMENT. Reaching such DEVELOPMENT requires the following attempts as primary bases for a PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT scenario: prioritizing the peripheral areas and areas requiring intervention, utilizing the potential of infill land use for new DEVELOPMENT in a short period of time, identifying alternatives and spaces for deployment in the areas of reDEVELOPMENT, preventing the segregation, preserving the integrity of new and redeveloped reserves for settling down of the population, the creation of multifunctional functions and revitalization of target areas in a worn-out textures based on a bottom-up planning approach.

Ruralism is a specific form of human's settlement, living and an evident exposure of economical and sociological life which lasted somehow sustainable during several centuries. The role and place of villages in economical, sociological and political DEVELOPMENT processes in local, regional, national and international scale and outcomes of unDEVELOPMENT of rural areas such as poverty, increasing injustice, fast population growth, unemployment and …, have interacted attention toward rural DEVELOPMENT and its priority rather than urban DEVELOPMENT. In recent years, attention paid to PHYSICAL planning of rural settlements, in order to find the most pleasant state of consistency between space and society which has been placed in the rural DEVELOPMENT organization and institution's agenda. In this regard, the whole organized and integrated activities carried out to improve the PHYSICAL environment of rural settlements which have been considered by planners. They are trying to provide an appropriate platform for rural settlements, PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT, also put effort for sustainable approach in rural DEVELOPMENT by emphasizing on PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT. This article is a applied research and its methodology is based on analytical-descriptive study in which data gathering is based on documentation. The results shown the structural-functional problems in rural regions that rural settlements in economical, sociological and environmental sectors still have been accomplished without considering sustainable DEVELOPMENT approaches. Since rural settlements have different degrees of severity, are facing with challenges such as poverty, income injustice, rural migrations and villages abundance, lack of special and formal management and high vulnerability. This can be seen that the linkage between sustainable approaches and PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT is very weak.

This research was done on the basis of the assumption that the present structure of Yazd can be categorized on the basis of the per capita of the land utility and urban present structures. This could yield different patterns of PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT In this descriptive-analytical method, the PHYSICAL growth and DEVELOPMENT dynamic of the city were inspected and different available patterns are identified.The city of Yazd, in its 2000 year history before the modernism and capitalism era, has experienced the organic growth like the oldest cities of Iran. This growth pattern, in conformity with geography and logic of desert architecture, has presented a concise and integrated structure. In this pattern the urban land has had the traditional uses of the city. The new pattern of urban DEVELOPMENT appeared after the execution of the first urban comprehensive plan, contrary to the traditional patterns, have been executed from the land annexed extensively and out of a land utility plan.Before the Islamic Revolution, these patterns were formed on the basis of DEVELOPMENT of urban borders and attracting the marginal villages and the lands and gardens. But after the revolution, they were expanded through private and governmental assigning and supplying the lands in the annexed limits. At present; Yazd is involved in a variety of patterns of PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT because of the annexations approved by the last urban plans and also supplying and assigning the lands which has caused the land to lose its versatility.

Introduction One of the most important and dominant issues discussed on the international environmental problems is the concept of "sustainable DEVELOPMENT" and the relationship between urban form and sustainability. This has posed more discussions like the way in which the cities should be developed in the future and the effects their form can have on resource depletion and rational use of environmental resources. In order to achieve the sustainable urban form, different models and approaches, mostly two opposite approaches were introduced: "Compact city" and "Urban Sprawl". Urban sprawl was a reaction to industrial city which is normally conceived as a combination of low- density, scattered and strip DEVELOPMENT patterns. Researchers have summarized the various definitions of urban sprawl in the planning literature to create a working definition of the concept as: ‘…unplanned, uncontrolled and uncoordinated single use DEVELOPMENT that does not provide a functional mix of uses and/or is not functionally related to surrounding land uses. This is variously appeared as low-density, ribbon or strip, scattered, leapfrog, or isolated DEVELOPMENT.Different impacts of urban sprawl, mostly negative ones have come under increased criticisms in the recent years. This change has occurred in conjunction with an increasing awareness of human impact on the environment and the emergence of ‘sustainability’ as a concept of international significance. The ‘Sustainable DEVELOPMENT’ has become most popularly understood from its definition in the report by the Brundtland Commission as ‘DEVELOPMENT which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs and aspirations’. Urban sustainability and sustainable urban form was introduced mostly through ‘compact city’ theory. But at the end and according to different academic conflictions, different considerations of compact city should be adapted to local and environmental conditions of different regions and countries.In our recent conditions in Iran, we should respect to our resources and try to use them in the most logic way. Unsuitable growth, horizontal DEVELOPMENT, and urban sprawl have occurred even in the places the land is a critical issue which causes destruction and loss of farmlands around the cities and other disadvantages. These issues emphasize on the importance of logical and conscious DEVELOPMENT of the cities.The main purpose of this research is to examine the PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT in city of Urmia in the recent three decades. It tries to reach this point of view whether if the existing DEVELOPMENT process leads to sustainability or it moves towards unsustainability. The importance of this issue is because of the existence of the valuable farmlands around the city of Urmia and agricultural role of the city in the different plans. Methodology Historical, explanation- analysis method, experimental and case study are the approaches used in this research. Necessary data like population, city area, density, urban land use and etc. from different sources have been gathered and studied by different methods and quantitative models of urban PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT. Holdern and Shanon Antropy models are used to analyze the results, in the next stage.Results and Discussion Holdern, Shanon Antropy and many other quantitative models are used to examine the process of PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT of urban areas. These models can estimate the amount of urban DEVELOPMENT according to population needs and the amount of urban sprawl. According to different analyses, the total urban area of 1400 hectares of Urmia City in the 1976 has exceeded to more than 8578 hectares in 2006. This is because of the urban growth especially in the suburbs. This amount of growth does not fit the population growth in the same time. In the last three decades urban population growth was nearly 3.5% while growth urban area was nearly 6%. The results show that the growth process in city of Urmia in the recent 3 decades has moved toward the unsustainability and is greater than population needs. According to Holdern Model analysis, it is estimated that 69.9% of urban growth is because of population growth and 30.1% related to sprawl DEVELOPMENT of the city which causes destruction of rich farmlands. Therefore, appropriate decisions must be made in order to cease this process and move toward urban integration and compactness.Conclusion The results of this research indicate that the use of compact city form instead of sprawl spread can increase its sustainability. Land use Analysis of the Urmia City shows that 2251.8 hectare or 26.2% of whole city is barren. By this potential, urban management can guide the PHYSICAL growth of the city and prevent its horizontal growth. Shanon Antropy coefficient analysis on city of Urmia at this regard approves the sprawl growth form. Therefore, with emphasis on this technique for verification of the sprawl growth, mono or multi forms of the city can increase error coefficient; for computing exact results on spatial structure form of the city needs other coefficients like Moran and Geary. The results of the research indicates that if the current process of urban growth continues in Urmia in the future, the most valuable farmlands will be destroyed and the attraction of suburbs will result in the ruin of city centers. Thus, different decisions should be made to reduce unsustainability process.