Today, digital photos are extensively used in every community. With technological developments in digital photos, softwares have been created to edit and modify each photo. These softwares are sometimes tempting and pose problems to society. Making unpleasant changes in photos with the aim of extortion, is only one example. The PHOTOSHOP software is one of those having an important role for both criminals and detectives. In this work, PHOTOSHOP applications in forgery, crime detection and fingerprinting have been investigated. Considering the wide variety of digital cameras in our country, it seems that the authorities should have deep concerns regarding digital crimes.

Introduction: Although there are several methods to evaluate facial nerve palsy, most of them are not objective. In case of symmetric movements of face, PHOTOSHOP software is useful for objective assessment of facial nerve injuries. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, the facial movements of sixty normal subjects (30 females and 30 males) were photographed. Displacement of facial movements in specific landmarks was measured by PHOTOSHOP software. The collected data then were analyzed by SPSS software.Results: The mean displacement of forehead wrinkles and landmarks on cheeks in right and left sides was respectively 10.6 mm, 10.1 mm and 9.4 mm, 9.7 mm. The mean displacement of oral commissure in right and left sides during smile was 11.8 mm and 11.5 mm. The comparison showed no significant difference between both sides (P>0.05). The mean distance between landmarks (lateral canthus, oral commissure and Cheek) and axis of face were compared too. The results showed that both sides were symmetric.Conclusion: Facial movements were measurable by PHOTOSHOP software and this method was applicable to assessment of facial nerve palsy and also synkinesis.

Graphs, an effective form of data presentation, are used for summarizing complex information and making them easier to understand. Extracting numerical data from graphs, which is commonly required in systematic reviews and meta-analyses, is however a challenging issue. Since this kind of results presentation is common, ignorance of such data may result in publication bias when conducting meta-analyses. On the other hand, contacting the authors of a particular publication in order to retrieve the data may take a long time and is often not very fruitful. In this case, there are a few software and methods that may be used for data extraction; however, using these software is costly and not simple as well as different types of graphs need different extraction methods. Here, we have described a simple reproducible method for extracting data from graphs using Adobe PHOTOSHOP.

Statement of Problem: One of the major goals, in most dental researches, is to measure bone destruction or deposition due to the progression or regression of disease. Failure of human eyes to detect minor radiographic density changes resulted in more accurate methods such as optical densitometry and direct or indirect digital densitometry. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of a newly proposed method of indirect digital densitometry using modified PHOTOSHOP software. Materials and Methods: Radiographs from 37 samples of urografin solution with three concentrations (12.5%, 25% and 37.5%) were taken on dental radiographic films no.2 and digitized by a scanner. A region with 800x800 pixels was cropped from each image and compressed with the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) compression algorithm and saved. These new images were then put into registration with new algorithm using MATLAB software version 6.1. This algorithm assigned each image and average pixel value (between 0 and 255). The association between concentration and calculated values for each image was tested with regression analysis and the meaning fullness of differences between calculated values was also analysis by ANOVA test. Tukey HSD and Alpha Krunbach were used whenever needs. Results: Regression analysis revealed significant correlation between concentration and calculated average pixel value (FO.883). The differences between average of pixels value for different concentration was significant (P=0.0001). Pixel values showed a good intra- sample and intra-group repeatability (Alpha Krunbach: α=99.96%, α=99.68%). Conclusion: This method due to its high accuracy, easy usage and densitometer independency can be considered as a suitable alternative for conventional densitometry methods.

BACKGROUND: Evaluating the function of facial nerve is essential in order to determine the influences of various treatment methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate and assess the agreement of PHOTOSHOP scaling system versus the facial grading system (FGS).METHODS: In this semi-experimental study, thirty subjects with facial nerve paralysis were recruited. The evaluation of all patients before and after the treatment was performed by FGS and PHOTOSHOP measurements.RESULTS: The mean values of FGS before and after the treatment were 35±25 and 67±24, respectively (p<0.001). In PHOTOSHOP assessment, mean changes of face expressions in the impaired side relative to the normal side in rest position and three main movements of the face were 3.4±0.55 and 4.04±0.49 millimeter before and after the treatment, respectively (p<0.001). Spearman's correlation coefficient between different values in the two methods was 0.66 (p<0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Evaluating the facial nerve palsy using PHOTOSHOP was more objective than using FGS. Therefore, it may be recommended to use this method instead.

Statement of Problem: Subtraction is a newly presented radiography technique to detect minor density changes that are not visible by conventional radiography.Purpose: The aim of this In-vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of PHOTOSHOP subtraction software for detecting minor density changes between two dental images.Materials and Methods: In this research, five dried human mandibles were held in fixed position while thin aluminium sheets were superimposed on each mandible on the 1th and 2nd molar teeth regions.A reference image, without aluminium sheet placement, was obtained from each mandible subsequently series consist of 20 images with aluminium sheets, ranging from 50 to 1500 were recorded by radiovisiography (RVG) system. Initial images were subtracted from subsequent ones by PHOTOSHOP subtraction software. The difference in density between the two images at the 1st and 2nd molar sites was related to the aluminium sheets. The optical density of aluminium sheets was determined by densitometer.Results: In the present study, 6.6% of the optical density changes of the minimum aluminium thickness as 300 could be detected by PHOTOSHOP software software.Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the accuracy of PHOTOSHOP subtraction software was equal to that of the conventional subtraction softwares. Additionally, the accuracy of this software was proved to be suitable for clinical investigations of small localized changes in alveolar bone.

Purpose: To evaluate the agreement between a new method for quantitative analysis of fundus or angiographic images using PHOTOSHOP software and clinical judgment.Methods: Four hundred eighteen fundus and angiographic images of diabetic patients were evaluated, by three retina specialists and then by computer using PHOTOSHOP 7.0 software. Four variables were selected for comparison: amount of hard exudates (HE) on color pictures, amount of HE on red-free pictures, severity of leakage, and size of foveal avascular zone. Available programs in the software such as color selection, luminosity channel, and histogram and tools such as magnetic lasso and magic wand were used for measurement. Coefficients of agreement and kappa measurements were calculated.Results: Agreement (kappa) between the two methods in the amount of HE on color and red-free photographs were 85% (0.69) and 79% (0.59), respectively. This agreement for severity of leakage was 72% (0.46). In the evaluation of the foveal avascular zone size with two methods of quantification using the magic and lasso software tools the agreement was 54% (0.09) and 89% (0.77), respectively.Conclusion: Quantitative measurement of fundus and angiographic image variables such as HE, leakage, and foveal avascular zone can be performed precisely using PHOTOSHOP software.

Color and appearance are among the first parameters perceived by consumers to judge the quality of foods. L*a*b* are used to report foods' colors quantitatively. In this study the use of digital imaging and PHOTOSHOP software was evaluated for measurement of L*, a* and b* color parameters. The results showed that L*, a*, and b* values from Hunter colorimeter and the digital imaging method had a good correlation with R2 more than 0.95, but the values from digital imaging method can be used only to monitor the trend of color changes and the actual numbers of digital imaging L*, a* and b* obtained by digital imaging do not have the same value as the L*, a* and b* given by a Hunter colorimeter. Using two equations for the three parameters the values obtained from digital imaging method can be successfully converted to Hunter Lab color corresponding parameters. The color change of Mazafati date during accelerated ripening using acetic acid solutions was monitored by the proposed method. L*, a*, and b* of the samples all decreased over the ripening.

In this research, the effect of electropolishing treatment on the roughness and luminosity of aluminum foil and quality of blue color after dyeing on anodized film was investigated. For this purpose, the effect of solution composition (Perchloric acid: ethanol with volume ratio 1:5, 1:6 and 1:7), voltage (5-25 volt) and electropolishing duration (2-9 min) were studied. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and PHOTOSHOP were used to study on surface coating. The AFM results showed that electropolishing under optimal conditions (2 min, 15 volt, Perchloric: ethanol with volume ratio 1:5) have good effect on surface quality, so that Rz value for anodized sample after dyeing of 34.35 nm were reduced to 1.50 nm by electropolishing pretreatment.

Background and Objectives: The problem of water scarcity is one of the most important agricultural problems in Iran, therefore proper and timely use of water resources is Necessary. One of the strategies for optimal use of water in agriculture is irrigation planning of agricultural products. Irrigation planning means specifying the irrigation time and amount of water needed at each irrigation time during the plant growth period. In this study, in order to determine the irrigation time, the color change index of pepper leaf due to the decrease in soil moisture was used. So far, some studies have been carried out to determine some of the agronomic parameters of the fruit and leaf color changes using digital image processing, but no evidence is available for the relationship between leaf color and soil moisture subject to this thesis. Therefore, it can be assumed that this research is the first research in this field. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of water stress on leaf color of chili pepper, plastic pots and dimaz chili peppers were used. The measured parameters included plant leaf color and soil moisture. Leaves were photographed daily and finally leaf color analysis was performed using PHOTOSHOP and BAL color scheme. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five treatments including 10, 30 and 50% water stress, complete irrigation and no irrigation treatment in four replications for irrigation planning. (No irrigation treatment was considered as control treatment). Water stress was applied to the treatments for 52 days during plant growth period from transplanting (three weeks after transplanting) until harvest. Results: The LAB color system with a correlation coefficient higher than 94% can be used as an efficient system for investigating leaf color changes and determining irrigation time. One of the advantages of this method is its high computational volume and high accuracy of results. Increasing the accuracy of this method and examining its feasibility requires further research, and its simplicity and low cost can be a good justification for continuing its use. Certainly, by developing research on the proposed system, including the use of laboratory equipment and more accurate numerical methods, acceptable results can be obtained in estimating the exact irrigation time. On the other hand, three tree models QUEST, C5 and CHAID, which are decision tree algorithms, were used to predict soil moisture classes. The results showed that the C5 tree model had higher accuracy than other models and the accuracy of prediction of soil moisture classes by this model for the LAB system was 86%. Conclusion: The findings showed that as a result of soil moisture changes, there is a change in the natural reflection of the leaf color of the plant, and the lower the soil moisture, the darker the leaf color becomes and these changes affect the elements of the lab color system.