Introduction: Sugarcane cultivation has been revived in Khuzestan province of Iran since the 1960s and due to good results, it gradually began to grow from north to south of this region. Currently, sugarcane is cultivated in more than 100, 000 hectares of the provinceand almost 25% of the country needs for sugar arebeing produced in this region. Sugarcane fields of Khuzestan province are mainly rich in lime percentage and poor in organic matter and PHOSPHORUS. Soil pH in this region of the country also is about 8-8. 5 and PHOSPHORUS uptake by plants and PHOSPHORUS fertilizer efficiency in these soils (alkaline and calcareous soils) are expected to be low. The optimum use of PHOSPHORUS fertilizer and proper PHOSPHORUS uptake is essential for the quantitative and qualitative function of sugarcane plants. Due to the very low mobility of PHOSPHORUS in the soil, its uptake by plants such as sugar cane is affected by number of soil and plant factors (especially plant root characteristics). Changes in these factors can lead to a reduction or increase of P uptake by the crop. Materials and Methods: Because of the role of organic compounds in the improvement of mobility and PHOSPHORUS uptake, the use of organic material has been considered in many types of research. Organic compounds can play a direct and indirect role in plant factors and in phosphorous uptake improvement. In this regard, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted in 2016-2017 at Farabi Agro Industry Co, 35 km south of Ahvaz, Iran (48º 36' E, 30º 59' N). This research carried out by using three levels of humic acid (immersion of settes in three concentrations of 0, 0. 3 and 0. 5% of humic acid) as well as three levels of PHOSPHORUS fertilizer (triple super phosphate) 0, 50 % and 100% of the recommended amount in the region (250 kg/ha) in two different harvesting periods (45 and 90 days after planting). The experiment set up as a factorial, based on complete randomized design with three replicates. In this experiment, the effects of different levels of phosphorous fertilizers and humic acid on aerial part (shoot height, shoot dry weight), underground part (root length, root dry weight and root hair length), and also root CEC of sugar cane plant in two harvest times were studied. Finally, uptake and influx of PHOSPHORUS in different treatments were investigated. Results and Discussion: As the results show, although the range of the changes was different, the use of humic acid can improve almost all of these factors. Shoot height, shoot dry weight in humic acid treatments showed a significant increase in both harvests compared to non-used humic acid treatments and also in PHOSPHORUS fertilizer treatments as the fertilizer levels rose. These results show that humic acid can increase the uptake of PHOSPHORUS from the soil reservoir (treatments without PHOSPHORUS fertilizer) and source of soil and PHOSPHORUS fertilizer (PHOSPHORUS fertilizer treatments). The underground plant parts have also shown similar results. Root length and root dry weights have also been shown positive results in humic acid treatments. Therefore, an increase in PHOSPHORUS uptake in nonuse phosphorous fertilizer treatments or phosphorous fertilizer treatments, along with humic acid, relative to nonhumic acid treatments could be explained. The humic acid application seems to increase the uptake capacity of PHOSPHORUS from soil and fertilizer sources by increasing root length and root dry weight. In addition, the use of humic acid in alkaline soil can increase the solubility of PHOSPHORUS in water and therefore the PHOSPHORUS uptake by the roots of the plant could be increased. Based on the results, using humic acid due to improved PHOSPHORUS fertilizer use efficiency, phosphorous uptake by plant is expected to be increased and hence the fertilizer use would be reduced. PHOSPHORUS influx results had not the same direction with uptake and application of PHOSPHORUS fertilizer. P influx results showed an inverse relationship with root length. In other words, PHOSPHORUS uptake was more dependent on the root growth. Conclusion: This study showed that it is possible to use humic acid in the practical form during the cultivating of sugarcane setts, but it seems that further research is needed to examine other important points such as the use of humic acid during plant growth season and other its application forms, such as spraying or application in irrigation water.

In this work the reaction of the compounds PHOSPHORUS Trichloride, PHOSPHORUS Pentachloride and Phosphory1 chloride with Hydroquinon were studied and the structure of the obtained compounds: (p-HOC6H4O) pcl2, (C6H4) (Opcl4)2, (p-HOC6H4) p(O)cl2 characterized and approved by 1H-,31C-31p- NMR and IR spectroscopy and CHN elemental analysis.

To determine the effect of application of PHOSPHORUS (P) and organic matter on soil-plant P relationship at different growth stages of spinach, an experiment was conducted at greenhouse conditions. Treatments consisted of two levels of organic matter (0 and 2% of sheep manure) and three levels of P as Ca (H2PO4)2 (0, 20 and 60 mg P kg-1soil). Soil and plant samples were collected at five growth stages (the first sampling was in the fourth week after emergence, and the other samplings were each one week after the first sampling). The results showed that crop yield increased with the increase of soil P at all growth stages, whereas it had no significant effect on plant P content. In the 4th week of growth, plant P increased with an increase of soil P, and it remained relatively unchanged in the 5th week. But it decreased significantly in the 6th to 8th week. Concentration of plant nutrients depends not only on soil nutrients concentration but also on plant age and availability of other nutrients. In some stages of the plant growth, the growth rate might be too fast such that total uptake of the nutrients is not enough to maintain the necessary concentration. Plants required adequate P at early growth stages for optimum growth. PHOSPHORUS uptake was increased with plant growth in all samples. Soil P content was higher in all organic matter treatments (especially in the 6th week after emergence). PHOSPHORUS uptake in samples with organic matter, and no addition of P, was more than the samples which received P. This might be due to mineralization of organic P added to the soil.

PHOSPHORUS (P) ore is an expensive and limited resource that will be depleted in a few decades if the current global consumption rate continues. Japan, one of the most developed countries in the world, relies completely on imported phosphate rock for P. Potassium (K) ore, which is equally important for continuous development, is also becoming increasingly expensive. The recovery of P and K is therefore important for continuous and sustainable development.In this study, concentrated P (obtained from eluent) and K (obtained through alkali leaching of rice straw charcoal) were recovered as potassium magnesium phosphate (PMP) through the controlled addition of magnesium (Mg). A PMP crystal was produced when an equimolar (with respect to P) Mg solution was added to the leaching solution (rich in P and K) at a pH range of 11-12. Thus, the production of PMP in a crystalline form demonstrates the huge scope for the recycling of limited resources.

Hamadan province is one of the most important alfalfa (Medicago sativa) producing regions in Iran. However, little is known about P status in this region and no suitable extraction method has yet been introduced. This experiment was carried out to determine the available PHOSPHORUS by nine chemical extractants in some soils of the Hamadan region. The treatments consisted of 15 soils and 2 P levels (0 and 200 mg P kg-1 as Ca (H2PO4)2.H2O) in a factorial experiment in a randomized design with three replications. Alfalfa plant were harvested in three cutting. The results indicated that the amount of extractable PHOSPHORUS decreased in the following order: Collwell>Bray 2>0.1 N HC1>Bray I>Olsen>ABDTPA> Mehlich l>Mehlich 2 > 0.01 M CaCl2 The amounts of P extracted by all methods except that by 0.01 M CaCl2 method, showed significant correlation. The results of correlation studies showed that in the first cutting, Collwel method, in the second cutting AB-DTPA, Olsen, Collwel, Bray 1, Bray 2 and Mehlich 2 and in the third cutting, AB-DTPA, Olsen, Collwel, Bray 1, and Mehlich 2 methods seems to be suitable extractants for assessing available P of soils in Hamadan province.

Determination of forms of soil PHOSPHORUS (P) is important in the evaluation of soil P status. Amount and distributions of soil organic and inorganic P - fractions were examind in 53 soil samples of Hamedan province. Soils were sequentially extracted to determine organic and inorganic P fractions. Inorganic P was divided in to 6 fractions: Dicalcium phosphate (Ca2-P), Octacalcium phosphate (Ca8-P), Apatit (Ca10-P),P absorbed by Al oxides (AI-P), P absorbed by Fe oxides (Fe-P) and Occluded P ( O-P). The results showed that wide range in content of P fraction. The amount of total P (TP) ranged from 926 to 2686 mg kg-1 with an average of 1533 mg kg-1 soil. Calcium phosphate (Ca2-P+ Ca8-P + Ca10-P) ranged from 104 to 1872 mg kg-1 with an average of 801 mg kg-1 soil and being comprised of 78.5 and 52.3% inorganic and total P respectively. The amount of Fe-P ranged from 1 to 185 mg kg-1 with an average of 59 mg kg-1 soil and being comprised of 5.8 and 3.8% inorganic and total P respectively. The amount of AI-P ranged from 4.6 to 523 mg kg-1 with an average of 128 mg kg-1 soil and being comprised of 12.5 and 8.3% inorganic and total P respectively. The amount of O-P ranged from 0.0 to 371 mg kg-1 with an average of 33 mg kg-1 soil and being comprised of 3.2 and 2.2% inorganic and total P respectively. The amount of organic P ranged from 75 to 676 mg kg-1 with an average of 277 mg kg-1 soil and being comprised of 18.1% total P. The results of correlation study showed that available P (P extracted by Olsen method) was significantly correlated with Ca2-P, Ca8-P, AI-P, Calcium phosphate (Ca2-P + Ca8-P+ Ca10-P) and (Aluminum, Iron oxide: AI-Fe-P), This result indicate that these fractions probably can be used by plant.

PHOSPHORUS (P) ore is an expensive and limited resource that will be depleted in a few decades if the current global consumption rate continues. Japan, one of the most developed countries in the world, relies completely on imported phosphate rock for P. Potassium (K) ore, which is equally important for continuous development, is also becoming increasingly expensive. The recovery of P and K is therefore important for continuous and sustainable development. In this study, concentrated P (obtained from eluent) and K (obtained through alkali leaching of rice straw charcoal) were recovered as potassium magnesium phosphate (PMP) through the controlled addition of magnesium (Mg). A PMP crystal was produced when an equimolar (with respect to P) Mg solution was added to the leaching solution (rich in P and K) at a pH range of 11-12. Thus, the production of PMP in a crystalline form demonstrates the huge scope for the recycling of limited resources.

Introduction PHOSPHORUS (P) is an essential element in crop nutrition, which can be growth limiting or an environmental contaminant, if present in excess. On the other hand, tillage practices have a direct effect on behavior and availability of soil P. Since, application of different tillage methods lead to different patterns of soil PHOSPHORUS distribution, hence P fertilizer needs and P availability may be different in tillage systems. Researchers have found that the effects of tillage on P stratification depends on soil texture. Kimmel et al. (2000) reported that total P losses were significantly lower for NT than chisel-disk-field cultivator and ridge-till. Bahgar et al. (1998) showed that higher levels of P fertilizer improved shoot, root growth and the uptake of all nutrient elements in No till system. High levels of P also significantly enhanced the uptake of all nutrient elements except Zn and Cu.....

Introduction: Due to the compatibility of canola with different conditions, economic value, its price and importance of rotation with cereals, it has the highest level of cultivation area among the oilseed crops in Iran. PHOSPHORUS (P) deficiency is a widespread macronutrient deficiency and is one of the major limiting constraints for canola production. Despite its importance, it limits crop yield on more than 40% of the world’ s arable land and 70. 2% in Iran. Moreover, global P reserves are being depleted at a higher rate and according to some estimates, there will be no economic P reserve by the year 2050. This is a potential threat to sustainable canola production. Most of the P applied in the form of fertilizers may be adsorbed by the soil, and would not be available for plants lacking specific adaptations. It is widely accepted that the most realistic solution to the problem of P deficiency is to develop new plant cultivars that adapt to P-deficient soils. PHOSPHORUS efficiency is a term that generally describes the ability of crop species/genotypes to give higher yield under P-limiting condition. Plant species as well as genotypes within the same species may differ in P efficiency. This study was conducted to determine the effect of PHOSPHORUS fertilization on the grain yield and PHOSPHORUS efficiency indices in different canola cultivars. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out at the research farm of the Mahidasht Agricultural Research Station located 20 km away from Kermanshah (with elevation of 1265 m). This experiment was conducted as factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications with 2 factors including canola varieties and different amounts of PHOSPHORUS fertilizer. The first factor consisted of five triple superphosphate (TSP) levels (0, 16, 32, 49, and 61 kg per ha) and the second factor consisted of three cultivars (Okapi, Opera and Zarfam). This research was conducted on soil where the amount of available PHOSPHORUS was lower than the critical level required for canola (15 mg kg-1). Prior to sowing, all PHOSPHORUS treatments with 30 kg ha-1 of zinc sulfate fertilizer as well as one-third of nitrogen fertilizer (100 kg ha-1 urea) were applied during planting and mixed thoroughly with the soil. The remaining urea fertilizer was applied at two stages of stem growth (120 kg ha-1) and early flowering (100 kg ha-1). Each experimental plot had an area of 12 m2. Irrigation method was sprinkler. Grain and straw yield were determined after the harvest and seed samples (harvesting stage) were taken and rinsed with distilled water, oven dried at 70 ° C, ground, digested and analyzed for determining the P concentration. Analysis of variance was performed using SAS software and mean comparisons performed by Duncan’ s multiple range tests (P ≤ 0. 05). Results and Discussion: The results showed that the interaction effects of PHOSPHORUS fertilizer rate and canola cultivars on leaf P concentration, grain and straw yield, grain P concentration and uptake, and P efficiency indices were significant. In average of the two-years, the highest grain and straw yields (3203 and 4613 kg ha-1, respectively) were obtained from 300 kg ha-1 P fertilizer rate for Okapi cultivar. Under the P deficiency condition, no significant difference was observed between cultivars in terms of grain yield. Significant differences were observed among three cultivars in terms of P efficiency. Opera cultivar was efficient in absorption (0. 84) and Zarfam cultivar was efficient in PHOSPHORUS utilization (152 kg grain / kg fertilizer), but Opera was PHOSPHORUS efficient. With application of PHOSPHORUS fertilizer, PHOSPHORUS use efficiency decreased and the highest amount was found for the control treatment which produced 169 kg seeds per kg of PHOSPHORUS. The lowest amount of this characteristic was obtained for 300 kg PHOSPHORUS fertilizer treatment. Considering the correlation between PHOSPHORUS stress factor and P uptake efficiency, it seems that P efficiency was dependent on P uptake (R2 = 0. 477 **) rather than P utilization (R2 = 0. 076 ns). Conclusion: PHOSPHORUS uptake efficiency can be used for selecting P efficient cultivars of canola under farm condition. Application of Opera and Okapi cultivars with 80 kg of fertilizer per ha in similar conditions of this experiment would be advisable and excess PHOSPHORUS fertilizer application would not significantly increase grain yield. Selecting suitable varieties could decrease application of chemical fertilizers in the soil.

Background and Objectives: Bioavailability and PHOSPHORUS mobility are lower in most soils than other essential nutrients. Although PHOSPHORUS is abundant in soils in both organic and inorganic forms, it is frequently a major or even the prime limiting factor for plants growth. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) has ability to convert insoluble form of phosphorous to an available form. Applications of PSB as inoculants increase the PHOSPHORUS uptake by plant. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of PHOSPHORUS solubilizing bacteria on PHOSPHORUS uptake and some characteristics of wheat. Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse conditions. Treatments consisted of four levels of bacteria (without inoculation (control), inoculation with Enterobacter cloacae R33, inoculation with Pseudomonas sp R9, inoculation with both Enterobacter cloacae R33 and Pseudomonas sp R9) and three levels of CaH4(Po4)2. H2O (0%, 50% and 100% of PHOSPHORUS requirement). During the experiment, characteristics such as plant height and chlorophyll index were measured. At the end of cultivation period, dry weight of root and aerial part and also PHOSPHORUS concentration in root, aerial part and grain was determined using spectrophotometry at 470 nm, the yellow method after dry digestion. The amount of PHOSPHORUS uptake in root, aerial part and grain was also determined. Also the amount of available PHOSPHORUS in the soil was measured after extraction with NaHCO3. Results: Results showed a significant effect of bacteria and fertilizer interaction on the soil pH and exchangeable PHOSPHORUS (P<0. 01). The lowest amount of pH and the highest amount of soil exchangeable PHOSPHORUS were observed in the treatment containing consortium of bacteria and application of 100 percent of plant PHOSPHORUS requirement. The interaction effect of bacteria and fertilizer were significant on chlorophyll index, dry weight aerial part and PHOSPHORUS concentration and uptake in root, aerial part and grain (P<0. 01). The main effect of bacteria were significant on plant height, dry weight root and grain yield, (P<0. 01). The highest grain yield was observed in the presence of simultaneous application of two bacteria, Enterobacter cloacae R33 and Pseudomonas sp R9 with 12. 7%, 7. 30% and 7. 30%, respectively. The highest concentration of PHOSPHORUS in root and aerial part was observed in the bacteria consortium and 50 percent of plant PHOSPHORUS requirement. Also, the maximum PHOSPHORUS concentration and its uptake of grain were obtained in the treatment of simultaneous application of two bacteria and 50% phosphorous fertilizer requirement with 31. 4% and 58. 4%, respectively, compared to the control (50% fertilizer requirement and no-inoculation). Conclusion: The results showed that microbial treatments increased the bioavailability of PHOSPHORUS in soil to absorb wheat. The highest amount of characteristics measured in the wheat plant was observed in the bacteria consortium and 50 percent of plant PHOSPHORUS requirement. Therefore, the use of microbial microorganisms capable of dissolving PHOSPHORUS can partially eliminate the fertilizer requirement and reduce the amount of phosphate fertilizer.