Background: Breast Cancer is the most common malignancy and is the second largest cause of death among 35-55 years old women. The aim of this STUDY is explore and describe women's experiences with breast cancer for achieving a deeper comprehension of their individual experiences. Methods and Materials: This is a qualitative STUDY with a PHENOMENOLOGICAL approach. Sampling method was purposive and continued till data saturation. Twenty two participants (patients, families and treatment team) attended in the STUDY. Data were collected by using in-depth interviewing and were analyzed by “Parse” method. We tried to analyze qualitative data based on valid criteria.Results: The findings of this research were summarized into four core concepts: delay in diagnosis and treatment, treatment rejection, drowning in suffering (emotional reactions to disease, facing with outcomes of treatment, exposure to treatment system, ineffective care and disturbance in daily life of the family) and moving toward normal life. Conclusion: Knowledge of treatment team from the experiences of women suffering from breast cancer helps them to play a better role in their treatment. It seems, this is essential for make a shift from terminal treatment to early diagnosis. Also it emphasise to use of source for support of patients.

Juniper is the most important native conifer in Iran. Juniper as one of the most resistant tree species to extreme conditions, frost (up to -40°C) and drought, plays important role in mountainous regions of Iran. In this STUDY, by investigation on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of essential oils ofleaves and berries (female cones), the effects of environmental factors were studied on metabolism of secondary products. The volatitale constituents of the Leaves and berries of male, female and male-female trees isolated by steam-distillation were analyzed by GC-MS.Results indicated that the amount of essential oil in berries is higher than that in leaves. Seasonal alteration of essential oil of berries differs from leaves. The essential oil of berries increase during growth period, however decreased in leaves. Besides drying has increasing effect on essential oil. In total 32 terpenoidic components were found that a-pinene, limonene, trans-verbenol, cisverbenol, verbenone, g- elemone and elemol were the important ones. a-pinene up to 70% of essential oil content was the highest component. Seasonal alteration of each component was very variable.Drying effect can be valuable for isolation of components and commercial applications.

Objective: Disease and hospitalization can be the first crisis that a child encounters. The aim of this STUDY is to reveal a clear picture of the meaning of hospitalization in children, to show the experience and behavior of hospitalized children and to discover the meaning and understanding of hospitalization in them.Methods: This STUDY is a phenomenology STUDY of qualitative research within the framework of Husserl Eidetic phenomenology through comprehensive interviewing. The objective group consisted of children 7–11 years old and their parents hospitalized in the children’s ward of 22 Bahman Hospital and the surgery ward of 15 Khordad Hospital during the STUDY (2008). Method of selection of participants was as follows: having experience of hospitalization, having ability to answer the questions, and being volunteered. Sample size was detected by data saturation. In the method of sampling, an object group of 20 (12 children and 8 parents) were chosen and interviewed. The Seven Colaizzi Stages were used for analysis of data.Findings: The analysis of the interviews and the written narrations of the participants led to the extraction of 6 inner themes consisting of sickness, environment, reciprocal relationship, parents’personal problems, mental and emotional matters and a spiritual dimension; all of which define a specific aspect of the experience of hospital in children and parents.Conclusion: The experience of hospitalization in children can be considered as a process of effort for returning to health and, on the whole, the regaining of the individual’s status in the world.Nurses can ease this process by showing the importance of experience and feelings of individuals at the time of hospitalization and help people to adapt themselves to their new surroundings. This matter can enable the nurses to utilize methods of helping in the adaptation of individuals and thus guide the unique powers present in every individual to ease and quicken recovery.

In this paper we present the structure of “ customer disvalue” phenomenon as the complementary concept for customer value. Authors, who are proponents of humanized marketing, rely on the lived-experience of customers as the primary source of data in order to grasp a first-hand understanding of the phenomenon that has been profoundly shadowed by objectivism of economics. The research is based on a descriptive PHENOMENOLOGICAL method as introduced by Paul Colaizzi. The findings of the STUDY illustrate the distinct essence of customer disvalue experience that differentiates it from interconnected notions like cost, loss, and dissatisfaction. The authors discuss the origins of customer disvalue as a key issue, how it is generally overlooked in value models, and how its integration into marketing value theory offers it a greater depth and brings about a better understanding of customer behaviors.

Background: Chronic renal disease and hemodialysis cause numerous psychological, social, cultural, and spiritual challenges for both patients and their families. Overcoming these challenges is possible only through providing holistic support for the patients.Today, despite the support provided by family and professional caregivers for the patients, patients still express dissatisfaction with the support provided and believe it to be inadequate. In fact, patients and family caregivers and healthcare practitioners seem to have different understandings of the notion of support. Thus, the researcher decided to examine the concept of support from the viewpoint of hemodialysis patients.Materials and Methods: This descriptive PHENOMENOLOGICAL research was conducted on 17 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who were undergoing hemodialysis. Purposive sampling was performed and continued until data saturation.Data were collected through 30-60 min unstructured interviews and analyzed using Colaizzi’s method.Results: From the analysis of data, 4 themes (psychological support, accompaniment, social support, and spiritual support) and 11 sub-themes were obtained. Psychological support consisted of two sub-themes of psychological support by healthcare practitioners and emotional support by family and relatives. Accompaniment included three sub-themes of assistance in transportation, providing and using medicine, and daily activities. Social support was identified with four sub-themes of promotion of the society’s understanding of the patients’ condition, improvement of communication with others, the need for employment, and independence. Spiritual support was identified with two sub-themes of the need for faith and trust in God or Imams and the need to resolve spiritual contradictions.Conclusion: The results showed that from the viewpoint of the participants, the concept of support consisted of psychological support, social support, accompanying the patient, and spiritual support. Hence, it can be concluded that this concept should be considered in healthcare planning, in order to improve the health and quality of life of these patients and their adaptation to the disease and its treatment process.

Background and Aim: There are so many events and physiologic phenomena in human life that are very natural such as birth and death. But these natural phenomena can be affected by pathologic processes for the control of which health and treatment cares will be necessary. This STUDY is intended in comprehension of labored women’s experience in natural cares possibilities for this physiologic phenomenon.Materials and Methods: In this STUDY, the phenomenology method was used. The participants were selected from the first labored women who had vaginal labor without any complication in 22 Bahman Hospital, Gonabad, Iran. Sampling was done based on the research aim and the data were collected by semi-structured and open interviews with the participants who were 10 women based on data saturation. Colaizz3i seven–step stage analysis method was used to analyze the data. Results: The interview transcripts of the participants were analyzed and the significant codes were derived from them, then the codes were classified into three main themes and sub-themes groups that are: 1. Environment (noise, patient’s privacy, and environment color), 2. Assuring the labor (from laborer support and midwife skills), and 3. Routine techniques (serum therapy, bed rest, vaginal examinations, amniotomy, and fasting).Conclusion: Today, we should not only concentrate on the patients’ interests, pains, difficulties and health instead of modern tools and techniques and the affairs such as economy, efficiency and cost reduction but also regard women’s real experience for creating new methods of maternal health cares. According to the research findings, it seems necessary to consider and prepare both privacy and a safe and proper environment for labor. The women should be supported by midwifery personnel and their labor should be explained in a simple way and in a real form to them. Some unnecessary interventions such as complete bed rest, IV line, frequent vaginal examinations, early amniotomy and NPO should be avoided. It is hoped that labor experience change into a fantastic and positive experience for the mothers since this will lead to a decrease both in caesarian and its complications and will also lead to successful breastfeeding.

Purpose: Official reports show that, in addition to increasing drug use in the country, the trend of addiction goes fromsingle genter to two sex) female and man(. Several factors are effective in the reasons of substance abuse and addiction, that in interacting with each other to initiate and then addiction. The purpose of this STUDY is to explain the life experience of women who use industrial drugs in Kermanshah. Method: The research methodology is qualitative in the type of phenomenology, the statistical society of industrial drug abuse women in Kermanshah city. Twenty-five subjects were selected through targeted sampling. The interview method was used to collect data. Results: From the data analysis, four main conceptual categories were obtained. The causes of addiction in the main categories of personal and environmental facilitators, substance abuse sensation as the main category of emotional continuity, social consequences of addiction in the main category of punishment of society and the causes of unsuccessful prevention in the form of the main concept of modification and treatment of low-dose Conceptual categories are constructed from 24 sub categories. Conclusion: Based on the results of the STUDY, considering the complexity of the subject, the current fighting conditions are not as responsive to the supply reduction, and the demand reduction methodology, educational programs, economic plans for change, review of laws and prevention programs, and strengthening of supportive programs for the promotion of women To be placed.

Phenomenology is a special aspect of manifestation of knowledge and consciousness in a text which was established by Edmund Husserl (1859- 1938). According to Husserl, no normalized recognition and definition is considered valid unless it is acquired by Ego through experience, sensory perception and intuition. Based on Husserl’s views in order to acquire a pure knowledge, it is necessary for an individual to impose philosophical doubt upon definitions and presuppositions to and activate his/her Ego to manifest phenomena and concepts in original forms for him/herself. Therefore, PHENOMENOLOGICAL approach is very important in critical thinking in children’s literature. This article through the content analysis of Hooshang Moradi Kermani’s Majid Stories and also the analysis of the behavior and thoughts of the characters, especially Majid, has applied Husserlian views.

One of the forms of being is to think and create antagonism in resistance to the Other. Antagonism is the (mis) reading of the action and structure of the thoughts of the other. One of the most evident PHENOMENOLOGICAL aspects of the modern Persian poem is creation of opposition. Shamlu’s works are the best example of such oppositional discourses. Through this methodology, not only he reaches new structures in his poetry, but also he expands this method to his other cultural activities. This paper has two parts. The first part presents a PHENOMENOLOGICAL definition of antagonism and how it is formed by opposition, dialogue, and enmity and how it results in creation of linguistic, cultural, and aesthetic structures. In the second part, the typology of Shamlu’s antagonistic discourse has been studied based on these assumptions. The paper concludes that Shamlu has four kinds of oppositions: reversality, myth making, playing with structure, and breaking the taboos.