Background & aim: Catatonia is one of the major signs of Parkinson’, s disease which is due to impaired dopamine in extrapyramidal system. This study was conducted to elucidate the role of Gallic acid (GA) on PERPHENAZINE (PPZ)-induced catatonia in rat. Methods: This is an experimental study conducted in 2019, 48 Wistar male rats weighting 180-220 g were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=8) in each group. Animals were pre-treated with a single dose of normal saline (5ml/kg), most effective dose of bromocriptine (30mg/kg) and GA (100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal (IP) route. PPZ (5 mg/kg, IP) was administered after 30 minutes of first injection to induce catatonia. The scoring method of Morpurgo was used to determine the muscular rigidity of animals. Results: The results indicated that the 100mg/kg GA treated group had no significant reduction in catatonic responses after PPZ administration in comparison with negative control group while the groups that received 400 and 600mg/kg of GA showed significant difference (p<0. 05) at all the time points. Conclusion: The results revealed that GA had protective effect on catatonia induced by PPZ in rats. Hence, GA may probably be supportive for reducing catatonia in Parkinsonism.

Background and Aim: Parkinson is known as the second most common disease of the nervous system after Alzheimer's disease. Parkinsonism is primarily caused by idiopathic Parkinson's disease. The second most common cause of this disorder is the consumption of drugs. Flavonoid compounds are natural polyphenolic compounds found in many plants. Naringenin (4’ , 5, 7-trihydroxyflavanone) is a flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables with various protective effects on the nervous system. Materials and Methods: Rats were divided into five groups of eight rats. The intraperitoneal administration of naringenin was conducted at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. The animal received PERPHENAZINE thirty minutes following the administration of different doses of naringenin, normal saline and bromocriptine. The rats were analyzed using Morpurgo test for scoring their muscle stiffness 20, 40, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes after PERPHENAZINE injection. Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to check the differences between the groups (multiple comparisons). We used Mann-Whitney U test in order to compare the distinction between two independent groups. Results: The reduction of the muscle stiffness of the naringenin-intake group was not significant with the dose of 100 mg/kg compared with the positive control group. (P < 0. 05). The reductions in stiffness in naringenin intake with the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg were not remarkable in comparison with the positive control group. Conclusion: According to the results, naringenin does not have any significant effect on catatonia induced by PERPHENAZINE in the dose of 100 mg/kg but its infusion in the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg showed significant reduction in muscle stiffness.

Catatonia is one of the major signs of Parkinson's disease due to impaired dopamine in extra pyramidal system. So far, effects of many plants on neuronal and movement disorders have been evaluated, some of which are accepted in clinical studies. In the present research, the effect of Biebersteinia multifida DC root extract on PERPHENAZINE-induced catatonia in male mice was studied.The root extract (10, 25, 50, 100 mg/kg) was orally administered to mice for two weeks. Control group received water for two weeks, as well. One hour after the last dose, PERPHENAZINE (5 mg/kg) was administered (IP) to induce catatonia. Muscular rigidity of animals was determined by scoring method of Morpurgo. Results showed that Biebersteinia multifida DC root extract at doses 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg increased rigidity while administration of higher dose of 100 mg/kg could improve muscular rigidity.Therefore, it is concluded that Biebersteinia multifida DC, at low doses, probably, by blocking D2 receptors in dopaminergic pathways (mesocortical-mesolimbic) potentiates PERPHENAZINE-induced catatonia, and in higher dose, reduced signs of PERPHENAZINE-induced catatonia probably via effects on dopaminergic system in nigro-striatal pathway.

Background and Objective: Bipolar disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorder in community. bipolar is an important disorder because of its prevalence and serious complications such as suicide, substance abuse, loss of well being and function, this study was investigated to determine the efficacy of adding PERPHENAZINE versus olanzapin in maintenance treatment of bipolar.Subjects and Methods: this study is an interventional study on 40 bipolar patients (16-50 years old) referred to Golestan hospital psychiatric clinic in 2011. Duration of the study was 8 weeks. Severity of mania was assessed with YMRS at 0, 3, 6 weeks. The data was analized by using SPSS.Results: In both groups symptoms were significantly improved at the end of study (p=0.000, p=0.001).Young mania rating scale between two groups was not significantly different (p=0.2).Conclusion: Because of small sample size, short duration of study and adding anti psychotic drugs on mood stabilizer, further future works shoude be considered.

L-tyrosine, B6 and folic acid are involved in biosynthesis of DOPA and consequently dopamine. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiparkinsonian effect of these agents in PERPHENAZINE-induced catatonia in rats. Murprogo method or scored muscular rigidity, which is induced by a phenothiazine, was used to evaluate the antiparkinsonian effect of these agents. A significant decrease in muscular rigidity was observed in groups that received L-tyrosine. However, groups which had received vitamin (s) only showed no significant decrease in muscular rigidity as compared with the control group. On the other hand, the group receiving folic acid plus L-tyrosine showed a lower degree of muscular rigidity in comparison with the other groups.In conclusion, L-tyrosine has been found to be effective in improving PERPHENAZINE-induced muscular rigidity. Furthermore, when used in combination with folic acid, L-tyrosine could be found advantageous in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease.

Background and Objective: Silver is a toxic heavy metal that is used in various industries and has adverse effects on both human health and the environment. In this respect its determination with sensitive and economic analytical methods is of great importance. Materials and Methods: In this research, a novel ion selective electrode based on PERPHENAZINE as an ionophore was developed for determination of Ag+. The optimum composition that showed the highest sensitivity was constructed by mixing 9% ionophore, 2% NaTPB as ionic additive, 59% DOP as the plasticizer and 30% PVC. Results: The designed sensor showed a linear response over the concentration range of 1×10-6-1×10-2 M with the slope of 60. 3 mV/Decade. The detection limit of the electrode was obtained 9×10-7 M. The response time and lifetime of the proposed sensor were 5 seconds and 10 weeks, respectively. The selectivity of electrode was evaluated by matched potential method and no serious interference was observed. Conclusion: In the end, the sensor applicability in determination of Ag+ in three waste water specimens as real samples was evaluated and the good agreement between the results of sensor and the results of flame atomic absorption spectroscopy showed the designed electrode has enough accuracy and it can be used for determination of Ag (I) in the aqueous environmental samples. In conclusion, finally the performance of the prepared sensor in determining the amount of silver ions in three effluent samples was evaluated as the real samples. The results were in good agreement with those obtained by flame atomic absorption method which indicates that the designed sensor can be successfully employed in the accurate determination of silver (I) in environmental aqueous samples.

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a disorder of thinking where a person’s ability to recognize reality, his or her emotional responses, thinking processes, judgment and ability to communicate deteriorates so much that his or her functioning is seriously impaired. Symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions are common. Usual antipsychotic drugs for treatment of this disease including, Phenothiazine and thioxanthine derivatives. There are many reports regarding the correlation between hypotension and extrapyramidal syndromes and the usage of these drugs.In this article, we report one case of myopathy induced by PERPHENAZINE.Case report: A 27 old man suffering from schizophrenia refer to neurologic clinic with quadriplegia, was treated with PERPHENAZINE 8 mg/tid. The positive signs including severe muscle weakness in four limbs, which the proximal muscle force were II/IV and distal III/IV, hypotonia and decrease in tendon reflexes. AST, ALT, CPK, aldolase, CBC, ESR, biochemical tests, UA, and thyroid function tests were done. Regarding of neurological disease rejection, elevated CPK and abnormal EMG, myopathy was suggested for this patient. In addition, we did not find any reason for other myopathies (e.g. inflammatory myopathies and muscular dystrophies), therefore the patient myopathy was related to PERPHENAZINE and the PERPHENAZINE dose was reduced. After four weeks, the signs of recovery observe and the patient was able to move and the muscle force in proximal limb was increased to IV/V and in distal to V/V.

Lycanthropy, by definition, is a belief of delusion in which the patient considers himself or others as a wolf or some other animals. Knowledge of lycanthropy dates back to about two thousand years ago, and several sources have made references to this phenomenon. A young and single male, stuttering since age 12, recently developed lycanthropic syndrome; he had symptoms of depression since adolescence. He was given psychiatric management and was treated with 12 mg of PERPHENAZINE per day as the antipsychotic drug and 20 mg of fluoxetine per day as the antidepressant. Within two years, symptoms of lycanthropy gradually disappeared and the patient recovered from depression to a large extent.

Background: About 40%-60% of schizophrenic patients are resistant to ordinary treatment, which result from interference with different neurotransmitter systems in the process of disease. The aim of present study was to determine the effect of famotidine on several symptoms of schizophrenia which was nonresponsive to neuroleptic treatment. Methods: 30 schizophrenic patients previously nonresponsive to ordinary treatment were categorized into two groups. Famotidine group received PERPHENAZINE plus famotidine and placebo group received perfenazine plus a placebo. Patients in both groups were followed for 6 weeks and assessed by the positive and negative symptom scales (PANSS) at weeks 0, 2 and 6 of the treatment. Results: Both groups were similar in terms of positive and negative symptoms. In the placebo group, the total scores of PANSS (severity of the disease) did not change significantly. However, based on the total scores of PANSS, there was a significant difference between both famotidine and placebo groups at the end of sixth week (P<0.05). In terms of general psychopathology scale and aggressive risk, there was also a significant difference between both famotidine and control groups at the end of sixth week. Conclusion: Famotidine can improve the symptoms of schizophrenic patients who were not responsive to neuroleptics.

Introduction: Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is an acute and dangerous syndrome which usually arise as a side-effect of Neuroleptic drugs. Its high mortality rate, acute course and the current controversies about the best treatment method indicates the necessity of further investigation on its clinical features, predisposing factors and effective therapeutic methods.Method and Materials: Retrospectively in a 4-year period, we studied patients hospitalized with NMS applying a 7-section questionnaire assessing: drug historys, the underlying psychiatric disorder, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, treatment methods and their outcomes, and duration of hospital stay.Findings: Rigidity and impaired consciousness were the most common clinical findings. Haloperidol, PERPHENAZINE and risperidone were the most common antisychotics used before the NMS onset. Mood disorders, schizophrenia, and mental retardation were the most frequent underlying disorders. The most common prescriptions for treatment of NMS were bromocriptine, fluid and electrolytes therapy, and amantadine.Discussion: In diagnosing the NMS, impaired consciousness, especially when being accompanied by rigidity and fever, may be a more sensitive criteria than it is currently believed. Bromocriptin and fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy among many other treatment methods, and also interventions for prevention of NMS complications may play important roles in reducing its mortality rate.