Smoking is a recognized risk factor for human health. It is related to many conditions such as respiratory problems, cardiovascular DISEASES and cancer. Cigarette smoking represents a major preventable cause of human disease. Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor for several oral DISEASES, including a widely studied and established association with PERIODONTAL DISEASES. Although the direct cause for periodontitis is oral bacterial infection, its progression and severity depend on a number of genetic and environmental factors. Cigarette smoking is arguably the strongest behavioral risk factor for the incidence and progression of periodontitis Tobacco and some of its components such as nicotine have been found to have adverse effects on cells of the periodontium, including gingival fibroblasts and cells of the immune system. An in vitro study done by Tanur et al. showed that the nature of cell attachment to root surfaces is altered by nicotine Cigarette smoking is likely to affect the composition of the oral microflora due to a decrease in oxygen tension in PERIODONTAL pockets and may lead to a selection of anaerobic bacteria Tobacco smoking affects the humoral mediated and the cell mediated immunity of the host and this may increase susceptibility to PERIODONTAL disease. Smoking has profound consequences on the immune and inflammatory systems. Smoking has adverse effects on fibroblast function, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis by neutrophils and immunoglobulin production. There is evidence for an impact of smoking on bone metabolism such as an increased secretion of the bone resorbing factors PGE2 and IL-1β or a decreased intestinal uptake of calcium Smoking has a strong negative impact on regenerative therapy, including osseous grafting, guided tissue regeneration, or a combination of these treatments the oral cancer risk is higher in smokers. The risk is related to the amount and duration of smoking. Smoking can cause DNA instability. This is in consistent with increasing counts of mucosal micronucleus Decrease in capillary diameter and density of blood vessels in the gingival tissues of smokers explains the reduction of redness and bleeding.

Background and Aim: Because respiratory infection can occur by aspiration of oropharyngeal flora into the lower respiratory tract, it has been suggested that PERIODONTAL microorganisms may act as a potential source for respiratory infection especially in patients with advanced PERIODONTAL DISEASES. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of PERIODONTAL DISEASES in the pneumonia.Method and Material: Samples of this investigation consists of 46 patients (23 cases and 23 controls). Samples were matched based on their age, gender, occupation and educational level. None of the patients had reported to have any smoking, alcohol drinking habit, or systemic disease.Results: The results indicated that 17.4% of the control group and 65.2% of the case group who had pneumonia, suffered from either moderate or severe PERIODONTAL DISEASES (P<0.001). This indicates chance 00.7 times exposure to pneumonia in case of PERIODONTAL DISEASES. The rate of attachment loss was 0.86±0.39 mm in control group, and 1.65±0.92mm in cases (P<0.001).The G.I moderate to severe in control group was 78.3% and in cases 95.7% (P<0.08).Conclusion: A definite relation was seen between pneumonia and PERIODONTAL disease with higher chance being evident in cases with a type of PERIODONTAL disease.

Introduction: Polyphenpls are the most common antioxidants in foodstuffs, which have an important role in the prevention of chronic DISEASES. Periodontitis is a chronic disease of the supporting structures of teeth, which can destroy PERIODONTAL structures and result in tooth loss. The aim of this review article was to evaluate the effect of polyphenols on PERIODONTAL DISEASES.Review Report: All the relevant articles indexed in the Pubmed from 2002 to 2011 were surveyed.After studying the abstracts of 48 collected articles, 13 irrelevant ones were excluded and full texts of 35 remaining articles were assessed.Conclusion: Regarding the existing articles about polyphenols, it appears consumption of polyphenol-containing products may be effective in plaque control and prevention of PERIODONTAL DISEASES. Therefore, it is suggested that the results of in vitro studies be assessed by clinical trials.

The relation between periodontitis and cardiovascular DISEASES has been of interest in recent years. Cardiovascular DISEASES in the developed countries account for 50% of the mortality rate and are the principal causes of death. Periodontitis, one of the most common DISEASES of human, is an infectious condition that can result in inflammatory destruction of the PERIODONTAL ligament and alveolar bone. Periodontitis and atherosclerosis have complex etiologies like genetics and gender, and they potentially share many risk factors, the most significant of which may be smoking. A number of studies have shown a significant relationship between periodontitis and cardiovascular DISEASES, but the need for further studies of new definitions of relationship between them especially in women seems to be demanded.

Background and Aim: Some studies have reported direct relationship between mouth breathing and increased susceptibility of patients to develop PERIODONTAL DISEASES. The present study was designed to evaluate the correlation between PERIODONTAL DISEASES and mouth breathing in Iranian population.Materials and Methods: This historical cohort study was conducted with 90 participants aged 20-35 years-old, who were referred to Isfahan Dental School and few other private dental clinics in the city of Isfahan in the year 2003. All participants had to be free of relevant systemic conditions. The cases were defined as patients with mouth breathing, having dome-shaped palate and open mouth (lips) when in rest position. Oral examination was conducted using 3 diagnostic criteria. Forty-five patients who were confirmed by all three criteria were included in the study as cases. The control group was composed of subjects who had normal breathing from their nose. The gingival index was determined for posterior and anterior regions of all participants. The statistical analysis was conducted and Mann–Whitney U tests was used in order to determine group differences.Results: The gingival indices in the anterior region of cases were determined. The number of individual with scores 1, 2 and 3 were five (11.1%), 36 (80%) and four (8.9%) respectively. The scores in control group for five subjects (11.1%) was (0) or had no gingival condition, 32 (71.1%) subjects had score one and eight (17.8%) had score 2. The group differences were statistically significant (P<0.05(.Conclusion: Mouth breathing can be a contributing factor in increasing the risk of PERIODONTAL DISEASES.

PERIODONTAL disease is one of the most common chronic infectious DISEASES in humans. In recent years, an association was found between periodontitis and some systemic DISEASES such as cardiovascular disorders, problems during pregnancy, diabetes, cerebrovascular DISEASES, and respiratory disorders. Complications that may arise during pregnancy include pretem birth, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, and preeclampsia. The association between periodontitis and preeclampia is discussed in this article by reviewing relevant data.