Introduction: Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) is a promising technique that has been attracted by some scientist recently due to the moderate operational condition. Moreover, SCFE products are pure and free of residual solvents. Mathematical modeling of supercritical extraction is a useful tool for deducing the SCF extraction systems, prediction of optimum operational conditions and system design variables, and scale-up to the pilot and industrial scales.Materials and Methods: A new mathematical model modified by Sovova, based on the concept of broken and intact cells, has been applied to understand the variables effect on extraction efficiency in a SCF extraction system. System was made in order to extract the essential OIL from orange PEEL. This model simulates the experimental data points adequately for two separate times using combined pattern of phase equilibrium equations, solute/matrix interaction and internal diffusion rules in the solid particles. Model equations for plug flow are ordinary differential equations and are solved by matlab using numirical method. A number of physical parameters have been determined by experimental data fitting.Results: Extraction curves have been presented on the form of extraction yield versus relative amount of passed solvent. The effect of operational parameters including grinding efficiency, bed void fraction, number of mixers and external mass transfer coefficient have been also investigated.Conclusion: The most desirable result is obtained from grinding efficiency and external mass transfer coefficient of 0.7 and 0.011 respectively, within 20 mixers. The model results present a good agreement with the experimental results. Average absolute deviation between experimental data and the modeling results is about 6%.

Introduction: Due to the unfavorable effects of synthetic antioxidants, the use of various sources of plant antioxidants to retard or prevent oxidation of foods, especially OIL-based or fat-based varieties, has today received considerable attention. Materials and Methods: Inorder to extract the essential OIL, water distillation method was applied and the extract of citron PEEL was obtained by ultrasound and maceration methods by using ethanol, methanol and water as solvents. Total phenolic compounds of the extracts and their antioxidant activities were measured. The chemical compounds in the extract and essential OIL were identified by gas chromatography. Finally, the antioxidant effect on the stability of sunflower OIL was investigated. The stability of OIL to oxidation during storage for 5 days at 65 ° C was assessed using peroxide, anisidine, thiobarbituric acid, Tutox values and oxidative stability index. Results: The most amounts of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity was absorved in ultrasonic-assisted ethanolic extract at 30 min. The extract concentration at 800 ppm was more effective to radical scavenging than the other concentrations. The major compounds of citron PEEL extract were nomilin and hesperidin. The results showed that the peroxide, anisidine, and totox value had an increasing trend over time. Ultrasonic-assisted ethanolic extract at 30 min showed the highest OSI. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate the beneficial effects of the essential OIL and extract from citron PEEL on sunflower OIL stability and its superiority over synthetic antioxidants.

Background and purpose: Intestinal bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics; but there are some reports on the effects of medicinal plants in digestive disorders. Today, medicinal herbs are more suggested due to increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, people are more relying on the medicinal herbs. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of orange PEEL extract.Materials and methods: After collecting orange PEEL samples, the methanol extract was provided using maceration method and the effect of this extract against the standard strains of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica) was assessed using microdilution (well plates) in brain-heart infusion medium.Results: In this study, all the standard strains of bacteria in wells were sensitive to the extract. Meanwhile, different minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were observed in various genera. The first group (Bacillus cereus) was the most sensitive due to receiving MIC=3.12 m/ml of the extract. In the second group, Staphylococcus and Salmonella were expressed as they were administered administered MIC 6.25 m/ml of the extract. The third group (Klebsiella and Pseudomonas) was listed as the most resistant group, which received MIC=12.5 m/ml of the extract.Conclusion: Research on the use of natural products, which are used in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal disorders, can be valuable in terms of antibacterial activity and adjustment of microbial flora. In this study, it was demonstrated that orange PEEL can inhibit the growth of many bacteria in-vitro.

Essential OIL of Citrus family plant is known to have repellent effect against mosquito. Unfortunately, due to its high volatility effect, its repellency effect was compromised. The incorporation of essential OIL in a microencapsulation formulation has been shown to help improve the stability and potency of the repellent. In this study, Citrus grandis PEEL OIL (CGPO) was encapsulated by using the interfacial precipitation chemistry technique. The microencapsulated CGPO was then formulated into lotion form to produce topical repellent formulation. This study includes the characterization of microcapsules with regards to the morphology, size distribution, zeta potential, Fourier Transmission Infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), and Thermogravity analysis (TGA). The effectiveness of the microencapsulated CGPO-lotion formulation against mosquitoes was evaluated in the laboratory setting. Results indicated that CGPO have been successfully encapsulated with 6. 5 μ m in diameter and zeta potential values,-47. 9 mV. The FTIR analysis spectrum indicated the presence of interaction between the wall materials in microcapsules. The TGA analysis demonstrated that microencapsulation improved the thermal stability of CGPO. Repellency assay revealed that microencapsulated CGPO-based formulation possessed excellent effect compared with pure CGPO. In conclusion, CGPO was successfully encapsulated and the microencapsulation aid to improve the repellency effect of CGPO against mosquito bites.

The present study seeks to evaluate the effects of Citrus aurantifolia PEEL essential OIL on serum triglyceride and cholesterols in Wistar rats. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: control, sham, and 3 experimental groups. The animals were treated in 2 phases: first, except for control group, which received normal saline, the rest of the groups were fed with a high cholesterol regimen to induce hyperlipidemia, then, the 3 experimental groups were treated with Citrus aurantifolia PEEL essential OIL in 3 different doses: 25, 50, and 100 m lit/kg. Results: The sham group demonstrated a significant rise in mean serum triglyceride, cholesterol, and LDL level in comparison with the control group (p<0.05) proving the effectiveness of hypercholesterolemia induction. The results of experimental groups treated with PEEL essential OIL in 50 and 100 m lit/kg doses demonstrated a significant reduction in triglyceride, cholesterol, and LDL (p<0.01). Application of the PEEL essential OIL of Citrus aurantifolia showed significant decrease of cholesterol in rats in doses 50 and 100 m lit/kg. It is suggested that for cardiovascular risk reduction, the essential OIL may be investigated for the same effects in human beings.

Background: Orange PEEL essential OILs were obtained using supercritical fluid extraction. This method is an important high scaling extraction method used for the extraction of plant and animal extracts. Objectives: The aim of this study was the optimization of the extraction of the orange PEEL essential OIL. Methods: The experimental parameters of Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) such as temperature, pressure, and extraction time, and modifier volume were optimized using a central composite design after a 24-1 fractional factorial design. Orange PEELs were collected from ripe orange and were washed, air dried, and milled. Then, a Suprex MPS/225 system in the SFE mode with a maximal operating pressure of 395 bars was used for essential OIL extraction. Moreover, GC-MS and GC-FID were used for the identification and determination of OIL compounds, respectively. Results: Eight compounds have been identified based on their retention indices and mass spectra. According to the results, α,-pinene, β,-pinene, myrcene, d-limonene, terpinolene, C8-aldehyde, citronellol, and linalool were identified in orange PEEL essential OIL. The optimum SFE conditions were obtained at a pressure of 347. 07 atm, temperature of 55°,C, extraction time of 30. 16 min, and ethanol volume of 147. 05 μ, L. Moreover, extraction yields based on SFE varied in the range of 0. 04% to 1. 18% (w/w). Conclusion: The Results showed supercritical fluid technology as the best alternative technique for the extraction of pure and high-quality essential OIL from orange PEEL. It is a green method and does not have any environmental impact.

Introduction: The aim of this study is to investigate the type and amount of phenolic compounds in orange PEEL essential OIL as a source of natural antioxidant and its effect on the oxidative stability of soybean OIL. Materials and Methods: The compounds in orange PEEL essential OIL were determined using GC / MS. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the method of iron regeneration test and DPPH and then the essential OIL in four different concentrations (2%, 5%, 10% and 20%) and the synthetic antioxidant TBHQ in the permissible range (0. 01%) were added to soybean OIL. Finally, the peroxide and thiobarbituric acid and conjugate diene values were determined. Results: D-Limonene was the predominant compound in orange PEEL essential OIL. One gram of essential OIL of orange PEEL contains 0. 16 mg phenolic compounds based on dry galic acid. According to DPPH and regenerative power, orange PEEL essential OIL showed antioxidant activity, although it was less active than TBHQ. Based on the oven test results as the concentration of essential OIL is increased, higher antioxidant activity was observed. There was no significant difference between 5% and 10% concentrations based on the statistical tests, but with an increase in concentration up to 20%, the essential OIL was acting as prooxidant (P <0. 05). The result indicated that essential OIL had the highest antioxidant activity at 5% concentration. Conclusion: The result indicated that the essential OIL of orange PEEL had stabilising effect on soybean OIL during thermal conditions as compared to control sample (P <0. 05). Therefore, it might be employed as a natural antioxidant in foods, particularly those containing edible OILs.

Introduction: Lemon essential OIL is a complex organic compound isolated from the PEEL that is commonly used as a flavoring agent in food and beverages, cosmetics, and other household products. The aim of this research work is to isolate the essential OIL from citrus PEEL and evaluate its characteristics.Materials and Methods: The essential OIL from dry Citrus Limon (Lisbon and Eureka varieties) PEEL was extracted by hydrodistillation (HD) method. The extraction yield, extraction time, chemical composition of the essential OIL, physical constants, energy consumption, and quantities of released carbon dioxides in the atmosphere were investigated.Results: The essential OIL yields concerned with Lisbon and Eureka varieties were 1.22±0.14 and 1.18±0.14% (w/w), respectively. There were not significant differences among the physical constants (refractive index, color, and specific gravity) of extracted essential OILs from Lisbon and Eureka varieties. Significant differences concerned with energy consumption of both Lisbon and Eureka varieties (0.67 kWh) were not observed. Using GC/MS apparatus, chemical components of extracted essential OILs were identified. The major component of extracted essential OILs from Lisbon and Eureka varieties was limonene (66.24±4.69 and 59.40±4.20%, respectively).Conclusion: There were not significant differences between quantity and quality of major components of extracted essential OILs from two C. Limon varieties.