Background and the purpose of the study: Itraconazole is a poorly water soluble drug which results in its insufficient bioavailability. The purpose of the present study was to formulate Itraconazole in a nanosuspension to increase the aqueous solubility and to improve its formulation related parameters, dissolution and hence oral bioavailability.Methods: Itraconazole nanosuspension was prepared by PEARL MILLING TECHNIQUE using zirconium oxide beads as a MILLING media, Poloxamer 407 as a stabilizer and glycerol as a wetting agent. Effects of various process parameters like, stirring time and the ratio of the beads were optimized by keeping drug:surfactant: MILLING media (1:3.0:50) as a constant initially and then optimized process parameters were used to optimize formulation parameters by 32 factorial designs. The optimized nanosuspension was lyophilized using mannitol (1:1 ratio) as a cryoprotectant. Nanosuspension was characterized by particle size and size distribution, drug content, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning colorimetry and X-ray diffraction TECHNIQUEs.Results: Optimized nanosuspension showed spherical shape with surface oriented surfactant molecules and a mean particle diameter of 294 nm. There was no significant change in crystalline nature after formulation and it was found to be chemically stable with high drug content.Conclusion: The in vitro dissolution profile of the optimized formulation compared to the pure drug and marketed formulation (Canditral Capsule) by using 0.1N Hydrochloric acid as release medium showed higher drug release.

Electrosurgery is a very common procedure in dermatology. Accordingly, we regularly need aseptic electrodes for the electrosurgery units; these electrodes are mostly supplied with the machines. . . .

An ingrown toenail is a painful disorder of the lateral nail fold associated with inflammation, infection, and granuloma formation. Various conservative modalities have been described to reduce the pressure of an ingrown nail on its gutter. The invasive option is preferred for severe ingrown nails (grade III). Here an innovative, less invasive TECHNIQUE is described to treat severe grades of ingrown nails with the use of mosquito artery forceps and cyanoacrylate glue. The glue on curing becomes a hard cast that blunts and insulates the nail from its gutter, protecting the gutter from nail injury. The glue is hygroscopic and anti-infective, making the gutter dry, healthy, and maceration-free. The ingrown nail becomes asymptomatic within half an hour of splinting, and the granuloma heals within 3 to 6 weeks. Thus chemical splinting with cyanoacrylate glue is a novel and fast conservative TECHNIQUE for treating severe grades of ingrown toenails in outpatient care units.

Aims The use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) has been one of the most effective, the safest and cost-effective methods for preventing pregnancy, for a long time. However, some complications have been reported for IUDs. The complications may be reduced by using a specific TECHNIQUE for placement of IUD. The objective of this study was to introduce the rotating withdrawal TECHNIQUE for the first time, which was investigated to reduce the complications of IUD insertion. Materials & Methods This historical cohort study was conducted on 1199 females who referred to Sarem Medical Center for IUD insertion from 1984 to 1995. After primary examinations, IUD was inserted by rotating withdrawal TECHNIQUE. The subjects were followed up for 2 years. Findings Displacement was observed just in 20 cases (1. 67%). All of them were seen in the first month after placement. For these cases, IUD insertion was done again. After the second replacement, displacement was observed in 4 cases (0. 035%) after one month. Therefore, it was recommended to them to use another preventive method. There was no pregnancy or displacement in the other cases during 2 years. Conclusion The rotating withdrawal TECHNIQUE can minimize the pregnancy rate when IUD is used. In addition to the type and quality of IUD, insertion method of IUD can increase its effectiveness.

Whitening as one of the stages in rice processing is performed following dehusking. Studies on performance of MILLING machines prevailent in Mazandaran province, as the biggest rice producer province in Iran, are essential and helpful in reducing rice losses. A research was undertaken to examine the effects of variety (Tarom, Hibrid, and Fajr), MILLING machine (frictional and abrasive baed MILLING machines) as well as MILLING time duration (25, 35, 45, 55, 65 and 75 seconds) on some such rice qualitative, and quantitative parameters as broken rice, degree of MILLING, as well as whiteness index. Statistical design was a randomized complete block design one 36 treatments and in three replications. Results indicated that increasing MILLING duration increased the degree of rice whitening up to 53.39 %due to a more stay time of brown rice in the MILLING chamber. Among the treatments, Hibrid and Fajr varieties devoted the highest and the lowest degree of MILLING to themselves, respectively. Based on statistical analysis, Tarom variety scored the highest whiteness index of 0.360, whereas Hibrid variety showed the lowest one namely 0.247. Results indicated that MILLING machine type, rice variety and MILLING time duration as well as interaction effect of MILLING machine type and rice variety exert significant effects on all parameters studied. Amount of broken rice for Fajr variety and for the two types of MILLING machines was found to be equal, whereas, that figure for Tarom variety was almost 10.23% lower for abrasive type machine as compared with the frictional one.

Intercropping of PEARL millet and common vetch was studied at Research Station of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz in 1999. The experimental design was randomized complete block with 3 replications. The treatments consisted of constant density of PEARL millet with 15 kg/ha and three density of common vetch with 50, 70, 90 kg/ha and their combinations with the total of seven treatments. Intercropping system was additine. On the basis of standard LER, intercropping of PEARL millet var. Nutrifeed with the third level of common vetch (90 kg/ha) was better than other the combinations. Its LER was 1.56. In some intercropping treatments, PEARL millet yield in the second harvest was more than the first one. It seems that PEARL millet exploited nitrogen remained prom vetch and decreased its interplant competition. Pure stand of common vetch was worthy of recommendation because of shorter growth period, optimum yield, better forage quality and improved soil fertility.

Dear editor, Ingrown toenail is a painful disorder which is due to the pressure and the penetration injury of the nail to its distal half of the gutter. This leads to inflammation, infection, and granuloma formation in the gutter (1). For treating this, various modalities of treatment have been described to reduce the injury of the nail to the gutter (2, 3). The conservative treatment of the ingrown nail is to alleviate the injury and maceration of the gutter in the early stage (grade 1 or 2) to avoid invasive procedures. Here, the author has advocated a simplified outpatient office procedure for treating this disease in the grade 1 stage by a combination of nail resection and chemical splinting of gutter, which makes the splinting of ingrown nail easy...

Face MILLING is an important and common machining operation because of its versatility and capability to produce various surfaces. Face MILLING is a machining process of removing material by the relative motion between a work piece and rotating cutter with multiple cutting edges. It is an interrupted cutting operation in which the teeth of the MILLING cutter enter and exit the work piece during each revolution. This paper is concerned with the experimental and numerical study of face MILLING of AISI1045. The proposed approach is based on statistical analysis on the experimental data gathered using Taguchi design matrix. Surface roughness is the most important performance characteristics of the face MILLING process. In this study the effect of input face MILLING process parameters on surface roughness of AISI1045 steel milled parts have been studied. The input parameters are cutting speed (v), feed rate (fz) and depth of cut (ap). The experimental data are gathered using Taguchi L9 design matrix. In order to establish the relations between the input and the output parameters, various regression functions have been fitted on the data based on output characteristics. The significance of the process parameters on the quality characteristics of the process was also evaluated quantitatively using the analysis of variance method. Then, statistical analysis and validation experiments have been carried out to compare and select the best and most fitted models. In the last section of this research, mathematical model has been developed for surface roughness prediction using particle swarm optimization (PSO) on the basis of experimental results. The model developed for optimization has been validated by confirmation experiments. It has been found that the predicted roughness using PSO is in good agreement with the actual surface roughness.

Introduction: Hyperlipidemia is one of the main known risk factors for coronary artery disease. Regarding the undesirable consequences of hyperlipidemia and its long-term treatment, it is important to use drugs with lesser complications during the long period of treatment.Materials and Methods: This study was a double-blind randomized clinical trail that carried out on 65 patients with hyperlipidemia. Patients were divided into two groups. Case groups took dill PEARL, and control group took placebo PEARL for one month. Serum lipids of both groups were measured before and one month after interference. Data was analysed with t-test and p<0.05 was considered significant.Results: In this study , differences between mean level of cholesterol, triglyseride, HDL and LDL in case group before and after interference were statistically significant (P<0/05) but in control group only difference between HDL before and after interference was significant .Conclusion: Regarding the result of the study dill PEARL can be a useful drug for treatment of hyperlipidemia.