Background: Prevention and treatment of acute postoperative pain have an important role in improvement of PATIENTs conditions. This study aimed to compare between two methods (IVPATIENT controlled analgesia and Thoracic Epidural Analgesia) in terms of analgesia and surgical complications in PATIENTs with upper abdominal surgery. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, the subjects were chosen from the PATIENTs referred to Besat hospital in Hamadan for upper abdominal surgery. Sample size in each group was 72 PATIENTs. Data was collected by a questionnaire that included assessment of pulmonary function, pain levels (in both quantitative and qualitative scales), postoperative complications, analgesic usage, and PATIENT satisfaction. After all data was analyzed by SPSS V: 21. Results: Postoperative pain during the first 24 hours after surgery was higher in epidural group by using quantitative and qualitative methods but in second 24 hours, pain in this group only by qualitative method was more (Which was statistically meaningful). Complications of analgesic techniques were similar in both groups, but nausea in the PCA group and paresthesia in the epidural group was higher. The respiratory parameters measured didn't show significant differences between two methods. PATIENT satisfaction was greater in the PCA group but there are no differences between groups in satisfaction of nurses. Conclusion: The PCA method is effective as the thoracic epidural analgesia method in reducing post-operative pain, and since this method is simpler and less expensive, it can be used safely for post-operative analgesia. Also, it's better not to use a thoracic epidural method in PATIENTs with spinal, neuromuscular and sensory disorders.

Introduction: In recent decades integration of pedagogic and technologic approaches resulted in a change in main structure of universities. Appearance and utility of electronic education especially in assessment system and examinations of medical students, necessitates designing new assessment methods and tools. This study is to discuss and design EPMP software as an appropriate tool for measurement of the ability in students’ clinical reasoning and problem solving.Methods: Regarding the structure of PMP examination, this software was designed in form of a three layer object generated using program C language and visual studio.Net with software base of SQL server 2000 as well as Ajax software to promote user interface (UI) to be used as an internet explorer IEO6.Results: This soft ware represents PATIENTs’ problem in form of some text hints and fixed and animated pictures through simulation and then with some questions, lets the student or assistant follow up PATIENTs’ management and treatment.Conclusion: Because of the consistency of the designed software with international standards, this was welcomed by faculty members and assistants in university level and board of examinations.Assistants’ survey results showed their desire to hold these examinations with more frequencies within their education period and the potentiality to enable them to work with computer more skillfully.

Background: Due to the presence of radiosensitive organs in the abdominopelvic region and increasing the number of requests for CT scan examinations, concerns about increasing radiation doses in PATIENTs has been greatly elevated. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the absorbed dose of radiosensitive organs and the effective dose in PATIENTs underwent abdominopelvic CT scan using ImPACT CT PATIENT dosimetry Calculator (version 1.0.4, Imaging Performance Assessment on Computed Tomography, www.impactscan.org).Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Imam Reza Hospital from November to February 2015 February 2015 in the Imam Reza Hospital, in Urmia, Iran. The demographic and dosimetric information of 100 PATIENTs who underwent abdominopelvic CT scan in a 6-slice CT scanner were obtained through the data collection forms. The demographic data of the PATIENTs included age, weight, gender, and BMI. The dosimetric parameters included pitch value, CT dose volume index (CTDIvol), dose-length product (DLP), tube voltage, tube current, exposure time, collimation size, scan length, and scan time. To determine the absorbed dose of radiosensitive organs and also the effective dose in PATIENTs, ImPACT CT PATIENT dosimetry calculator was used.Results: The results of this study demonstrated that the mean and standard deviation (SD) of PATIENTs' effective dose in abdominopelvic CT scan was 4.927±0.164 mSv. The bladder in both genders had the greatest mean organ dose, which was 64.71±17.15 mGy for men and 77.56±18.48 mGy for women (P<0.001).Conclusion: The effective dose values of this examination are in the same range as previous studies, as well as International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommendations. However, the radiation dose from CT scan has the largest contribution to the medical imaging. According to the ALARA principle, it is recommended that the scan parameters, especially mAs, should be chosen so that the PATIENT dose is minimum, and the image quality is maximum. Furthermore, other imaging modalities are used as an alternative to the CT scan.