Objective: Active and PASSIVE smoking lead to the production of a number of oxidants and antioxidants with various adverse health effects compromising the immune system. Tobacco use increases the production of free radicals as well. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of PASSIVE smoking on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of serum and saliva in rats.Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 18 rats with an age range of 7-11 weeks weighing 160-200 g; 9 of them were exposed to cigarette smoke 3 times daily for 8 minutes. The 9 controls were not exposed to cigarette smoke. After injection of 0.2 mg/kg midazolam and 0.5 mg/kg pilocarpine, serum and saliva samples were taken from subjects in the exposure and control groups at 0, 15 and 30 days. Serum cotinine was measured using ELISA kit. TAC of saliva and serum was measured using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. TAC values at different time points were statistically analyzed in each group using Repeated Measures ANOVA and compared between the two groups using t-test.Results: At baseline, no significant difference existed between the two groups in terms of serum cotinine concentration but at days 15 and 30, cotinine serum concentration significantly increased in the exposure group. At baseline and 30 days, no significant difference existed between the two groups of PASSIVE smoker and non-smoker in terms of serum TAC values but at day 15, serum TAC values were significantly higher in the exposure group. Also, TAC of salivawas significantly higher in the PASSIVE smoker group at baseline and at day 15 but at day 30, the difference in this respect between the two groups was not statistically significant.Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, changes in TAC of serum and saliva in rats due to exposure to cigarette smoke were compensated by their immune system activity. However, further investigations are still required in this respect.

Dynamically stable biped robots mimicking human locomotion have received significant attention over the lastfew decades. Formerly, the existence of stable periodic gaits for straight walking of PASSIVE biped walkers waswell known and investigated as the notion of PASSIVE dynamic walking. This study is aimed to elaborate thisnotion in the case of three dimensional (3D) walking and extend it for other maneuvers, specifically curvedwalking or turning. For this purpose, the motion of a general 3D compass gait model on a ramp has been analyzedtheoretically in detail. A comprehensive dynamic modeling with respect to the vertical fixed frame is used basedon Lagrangian and augmented methods. In addition to 3D PASSIVE straight walking, the results confirm theexistence of some PASSIVE turning motions for the biped walker towards the steepest decent of the ramp. It wasshown that the value of PASSIVE turning is strictly concerned to the value of initial perturbed condition of thewalker, especially to the value of heading angle. A parameter analysis was also accompanied to examine thechange in the characteristics of such PASSIVE motions caused by the change in model parameters.

Background and Objectve: Throat infections such as tonsilitis and pharyngitis in children can lead to absence from school, deferment from class, imposing treatment cost, and increasing the use of antibiotics. In addition to decreased mucosal salivary and mucosal immunity, smoking has harmful effects on oral microflora and may lead to tonsilitis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of parents’ cigarette smoking on incidence of tonsillectomy in children referred to Kashani Hospital in Shahrekord during the period of 2017-2018. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on children with tonsillitis who referred to ENT department of Rasool and Imam Ali Clinic Shahrekord Medical University. Eighty children aged 3 to 12 years old with tonsillitis and tonsillectomy indications were included in the study. Children age, gender and surgery type as well as information about their mother and father cigarette smoking habits were recorded. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using chisquare and logistic regression. Results: from 80 children, 42. 5% were male and 57. 5% were female. The mean age of children was 7. 30± 2. 26 y. The cases of adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy were 66. 3, 32. 5 and 1. 3%, respectively. 2. 5% of mothers of children and 45% of fathers of these children had cigarette smoking. From smokers’ father, 52. 8% had cigarette smoking in outdoors and 47. 2% had cigarette smoking indoor. There was no significant relationship between the type of surgery and status and place of cigarette smoking by mothers and fathers. Conclusion: Although there was no significant relationship between incidence of parents' cigarette smoking and tonsillectomy, the prevalence of cigarette smoking was relatively high among fathers of these children.

In many countries, there is a growing interest in utilizing PASSIVE and low energy systems tor heating and cooling of buildings. Electricity consumption associated with air conditioning systems in buildings, makes serious problems Such as nonrenewable resource dimination and environmental pollution.Based on the geographical location at Iran which is mostly located in a semi-arid climate, applying an evaporative cooling system could be a useful idea.This paper is concentrated on the performance at some PASSIVE evaporative cooling systems.

Statement of Problem: One of the difficulties that a dentist encounter during root canal treatment is the cleaning and shaping of curved root canals. While doing this procedure the probability of zipping, perforation, apical transportation and canal curvature change increases that all of those are the result of not following the original root canal path by the file. This will fail the prognosis of root canal treatment.Purpose: This in vitro study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of a hand and a rotary instrumentation technique (PASSIVE step back and profile system) on canal curvature of mesial roots of human extracted molar teeth.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 mesial roots of first molar teeth with (20-40 degree) curvature were used. The roots were divided randomly into two groups of 20 and the canals were prepared by a hand instrumentation technique (PASSIVE step-back) and a rotary (profile system). Pre and post instrumentation radiographs were taken by radiographic platform. The amounts of alteration in canal curvature were measured by the aid of Adobe Photoshop 7 and Auto CAD 2000 software. Results were analyzed using Man-Whitney test.Results: After instrumentation, canal curvature showed 85% reduction in PASSIVE-step back and 65% in profile system experimental groups. Mean canal curvature reduction in PASSIVE-step back was 3.15+1.94 while in profile system was 1.85+1.67. There was statistically significant difference between two experimental groups (p<0.05).Conclusion: Under the condition of this study, it seems that better maintenance of the original canal curvature in profile systems was due to the difference, between the properties of Niti and Stainless steel files.

This paper explores passivization in Persian, the most important intraclausal process in simple sentences. Based on Role and Reference Grammar formulation for passivization, it is demonstrated that Persian has two distinct types of PASSIVE constructions.The first type involves both Privileged Syntactic Argument Modulation and Argument Modulation called basic PASSIVE in this analysis. The second type which involves just argument modulation is labeled as impersonal PASSIVE. This construction occurs as a subjectless sentence with a 3rd person plural agreement marker on the verb. However, this paper argues the assumption proposed by some scholars that there is a detransitivized PASSIVE type in Persian. Providing significant pieces of evidence, it shows that the detransitivized counterparts of transitive sentences cannot be regarded as PASSIVE, as this process is a lexical phenomenon in nature and a verb class alternation.

Cyber threat is a modern intimidation against critical infrastructure and cybernetic installations. To counter the technological threats as well as mitigate the national vulnerabilities, it is required to develop the strategies for the national PASSIVE defense in the face of cyber threats as dealt with in this study. Accordingly, this study seeks to answer the question: What are the national PASSIVE defense strategies in relation to cyber threats? In the following, it reviews the high legal documents in relation to PASSIVE defense, cyber space and security and recognizes the internal and external environments and then develops the related strategies upon the viewpoints of experts. In the same vein, it calculates and sequences the desired points upon TOPSIS and the impact of each strategy on the penta-pronged purposes of PASSIVE defense is determined. Finally, the strategic plan for the national PASSIVE defense against cyber threats comes into being out of the current paper. It is worth noting, the strategies, capable to be executed separately, are in tandem with other spheres as a complementary which by their turning into manuals and implementation, the national cyber infrastructure could be immunized and secured up to an accepted extent.