The dependency grammar is one of the grammar formalisms that is originated according to the dependency relations of lexical elements in a sentence. This dependency is based on the valence of the lexicon; therefore, in this formalism the semantic representation of the words as valence is the backbone of the grammar. The current paper reviews the book entitled “ Persian Grammar based on the Autonomous Theory in Dependency Grammar” according to three major contents. Firstly, the chapters of the book are briefly overviewed. Then, the book’ s content is evaluated and analyzed and the weak and strong points of the book are studied from different perspectives. In this section, some suggestions are provided for the terminology and expressed concepts. Since dependency grammar does not belong to generative grammar, a comparison is made between the dependency and phrase structure grammar formalisms to understand the content better and to ease the mind of the reader with the generative grammar background about the basic concepts of the dependency grammar. At the end, suggestions are provided to extend the dependency grammar in the book.

In this paper, the writer introduces “Poetry of Nima Youshij, a discussion on the emergence of poetic systems”, the newly published book of Omid Tabibzadeh, associate professor of linguistics at Bu ‘Ali Sina University. The greater part of the paper, however, is devoted to a critical examination of the contents of the book.

Compounding is one of the prosesses of word-formation in some languages. Because simple words and derivatives satisfy just a part of the speakers’ need of vocabulary, the speakers are forced to make compound words using the available language elements and compounding patterns. These patterns always have certain rules and criterions and each language uses them in it’ s syntactic structures and historical backgrounds. Hence, no two languages, even two sibling languages or those that one of them is derived from the other one, can be found to have the same rules of compounding. Among the Persian contemporary poets, Mehdi Akhavan-sales with the full knowledge of Persian language, has created a large number of compound words and used them in his poetry. This knowledge, which is the product of scrutinizing the old and new Persian literary texts has resulted in the words being structured in accordance with the rules of compounding in Persian language. So far, no research has been carried out on the various types of Akhavan’ s compounds. In this research by extracting compound words from several books of this poet, these words are categorized structurally and the poet’ s approach to the structures are evaluated.

Hope has always been a considerable topic in ethics and religions. In the teachings of the Qur'an and traditions, various aspects of this issue have been studied with such terms as, raja, amal, tamanni, and tama`. Hope, with the meaning of having a positive expectation for attaining the goal, has at least four main components: goals, belief in causes and reasons, trust in God and effort. The most important findings of this paper lie in the fact that in the Quranic verses, the goal is to achieve Divine revelation, the position of Divine caliphate, the knowledge of the soul, love for God, reformation, education and ability to do good deeds. Those suffering from lack of meaning in their life and are not satisfied, with material, only believing in the Origin of the being and the hoping His unlimited mercy and meet, would make his/her heart bright and peaceful and never would feel loneliness in life.

Present article is the result of a critical look at the book “ Verb Valency and Basic Constructions of Sentences in Modern Persian; a Survey based on Dependency Grammar Theory” which is written by Dr. Omid Tabibzadeh in eight chapters. Due to the fact that Dependency approach to grammar in Iran has gained less attention than other grammatical approaches, lack of the presence of such a book in Persian, introducing this grammatical approach to language researchers interested in this approach, was strongly felt. For this reason, author’ s’ attempt is admirable. One of the challenges the author has faced, has been equivalent choices for technical terms in the named approach and the absence of books in this field in Persian has resulted in the present situation which is lack of Persian sources in Dependency Grammar. Because of the mentioned lack, sometimes we face variety of technical terms, ambiguous definitions and counter examples in traditional grammars. Therefore, this article is the introduction of the book; its chapters, its strong points and also its weak points.

The purpose of this paper is to survey a black tughra (interconnected black signature) which was drawn above an administrative document called ‘mithal’. This tughra was dedicated tosadr. Since the drawing of sadr tughra and its principles have not been studied by Iranian and foreign scholars, this paper‚ first presents the rules and methods of its drawing, by studying its visual and graphical aspects, i.e., [‘diplomatics’ (Pers. sanad-senasi)‚ and second, theorizes concerning the abilities of low rank administrators of Safavid Period, based on achieved results]. One of the Safavid sadrs was Mirza Habibullah who had the rank about 23 years (1040- 1063AH/ 1630- 1653 AD) in the period of two Safavid kings. Certainly‚ he issued lots of mithals ‚ but eleven of them which are belonged to 1041- 1060AH/ 1631- 1650 AD, are only known today and except for two‚ all of them were published. While phrase and words of Mirza Habibullahs tughra were fixed along this long period‚ its graphic and technique of drawing changed. This matter makes clear that in the part of Safavid administration that he had the task of preparation and issuing mithals and drawing tughra‚ there were individuals who had not the same ability and expertise. That is to say‚ while thesadr was one person‚ at least four tughrakas were in his service and any of them had his script and technique of drawing which was even inconsistent with the most evident principles of tughra drawing.

The title of this essay is about Mahdi Akhavan Sales’ dissatisfaction of his environment and society in which he lived. Having studied and surveyed all his verses and bringing about the reasons for his dissatisfaction, I conclude that hopelessness which is seen in some of his poems, virtually has another reason in relation with himself and his fellow countrymen in society which has showed itself in various forms, the most important of which are: raging with anger, hate and imprecation, ridicule and buffoonery, invitation to struggle and hope or lamentation, even depression and despair.

Maligment tumors of sinonasal tract are rare lesions. These tumors are diagnosed in late stage due to nonspecifications and symptomsThe best treatment for nonepithelial tumors are combined (radical surgery and postoperative radiotherapy). In this study 25 patient with sinonasal tumors are reviewed. The most important cause of treatment failure was late diagnosis and incomplete follow up due to uncooperative patients. The median DFS in the patients with malignant epithelial tumors who were treated with radical surgery was 48 months

Introduction: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of chemotherapy-induced secondary amenorrhea in breast cancer patients and its relationship to number of therapy courses and type of chemotherapy agents. Methods and Material: This descriptive cross-sectional study was done during eight years in oncology department of Ghaem and Omid Hospitals of Mashhed University in 1997-2005. Trial group were 120 pre menopausal patients. That menstrual cycle status during treatment and in follow-up periods in these selected patients was recorded. These patients divided into three groups. For first group chemotherapy agents of cyclophosphamide, metotherexate and fluoroucil (CMF) recommended; versus the second group, who used cyclophosphamide, adriamycine and fluoroucil (CAF), and the third group, who received adriamycine and cyclophosphamide (AC). None of these patients used tamoxifen, In evaluation different criteria included; menstrual cycle status before and after chemotherapy, incidence of secondary amenorrhea and correlation between amenorrhea with types and courses of chemotherapy agents. Statistically analysis using SPSS software was performed and T-Test and 2 was used for comparative evaluation and p<0.05 considered significant. Results: Data of 120 patients was defined that the age of 58.3% of them were <40 years old. Majority of pathological type of breast cancer patients were ductal carcinoma (89.3%). The most common type of chemotherapy regimen was CMF, CAF and AC. Chemotherapy induced secondary amenorrhea established in 74.1% of patients; this finding was more common in patients >40 years old according to statistics, the incidence of amenorrhea in CMF group was 72.5% and in CAF group was 71.4% and in AC group was %83.4 (P=0.6). The average number of chemotherapy courses in CMF group was 6.2±2.6, in CAF group 7.2±0.6 and in AC group 6.4±0.5 (P=0.3). Duration of amenorrhea was between 2.3-4 years, but this data was not statistically significant.Conclusion: In pre menopausal patients with breast cancer receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy against tumor cells, amenorrhea due to ovarian failure may happen.

Flanerie is one of the most important social Phenomena in the everyday life of individuals in Iran. This Phenomenon implies on many different meanings and themes in urban public life. Flanerie is an action oriented to shaping a cultural space and is a sign of resistance against dominant discourse and formal culture. This research attempts to interpret flanerie experience in Sanandaj public spaces. The main questions are: how do flaneurs understand and interpret their experiences? How do they make their interactions and meanings in these spaces? How do they construct their own subcultures and resist against the rituals of dominant culture? The theoretical approach consists of a constellation, using the views of Simmel, Benjamin and DeCerto about flanerie and modernity. The research method is urban ethnography, using fruitful techniques such as deep interview and participant observation. Also sampling is purposive-theoretical. The findings show that respondents’ interpretations of flanerie experience can be classified in to five main categories: 1- the colonization of everyday life in urban public spaces; 2- the creation and reshaping of symbolic spaces through flanerie; 3-the differentiation/ dedifferentiation of everyday life through flanerie; 4- the carnivalization of everyday life; and 5- flanerie as an urban subculture. The main finding is that flanerie is a social practice oriented to resist the dominant and formal cultural discourse.