The phenolics of Syrian olive leaves were determined in alcoholic and aqueous extracts by the ultrasonic bath. The total phenolic and flavonoids contents were compared, and the IC50 values of olive leaves extracts were calculated for the inhibition of the free radical of 2, 2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH. ), and free monocation radical of 2. 2,-azino-bis-[3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid] (ABTS+. ) and the results were compared with vitamin C and OLEUROPEIN standard values. OLEUROPEIN content was quantified in extracts using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and isolated by TLC, then it was detected by HPLC-MS. The results showed that the total phenolic content and total flavonoids content for alcoholic extracts were higher than those in aqueous extract contents, with significant differences in the statistical study. There were no significant differences in their ability to inhibit DPPH., opposed to the result of the monocation radical (ABTS+. ), where the inhibition capacity of the ethanolic extract was greater than that in the aqueous medium. The study also showed that the alcoholic extract contains a higher concentration of OLEUROPEIN (88. 50 ± 9. 67 mg g-1) compared to the aqueous extract (37. 60 ± 6. 84 mg g-1), allowing the use of Syrian olive leaves extracts as natural antioxidants. The isolated OLEUROPEIN yield by TLC was 0. 43-0. 1 mg g-1 in ethanolic and aqueous extracts as well.

Prolonged epileptic seizures are the cause of neuronal death and brain damage. Lesions in different regions of the brain can lead to memory loss and cognitive disorders. It is therefore essential to seek out new neuroprotective drugs. Our aim was to investigate the therapeutic effects of OLEUROPEIN in improving seizure, oxidative stress, and cognitive disorder in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling model of epilepsy in mice. Mice were randomized to four groups; negative control group intraperitoneally receiving PTZ for 10 days, OLEUROPEIN group receiving OLEUROPEIN (20 mg/kg) 30 min before PTZ administration, positive control group receiving diazepam 30 min before PTZ administration and flumazenil group receiving flumazenil and then OLEUROPEIN 30 min before PTZ administration. Epilepsy severity was investigated after final administration of PTZ. Then hippocampal tissues were removed and stored at-70 ° C until measurements of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) gene expression were conducted. OLEUROPEIN treatment caused a significant increase in seizure latency and a significant decrease in total frequencies of head ticks, head and upper limbs seizures, the whole body seizures, frequent spinning and jumping and tonic seizures in PTZ receiving mice. IL-1 expression decreased in OLEUROPEIN group and GLT-1 levels did not change significantly in this group. OLEUROPEIN treatment caused significant improvement of passive avoidance memory in PTZ receiving mice in shuttle box. OLEUROPEIN can decrease PTZ-induced seizures and memory disorders due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and is thus recommended to be used for production of anti-epileptic drugs.

Introduction: Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is one of the causes of kidney injury. OLEUROPEIN is known as one of the strongest natural antioxidants. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of complete left unilateral ureteral obstruction on the antioxidant system changes in the contralateral kidney in male rats with an emphasis on the protective role of OLEUROPEIN Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 18 male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g were used. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 6 which included control, UUO, and UUO + OLEUROPEIN. The left ureter was ligated for 3 days. In the treatment group, the animals received OLEUROPEIN (200 mg/kg) daily for 3-days from one hour after ureteral obstruction. At the end of the experiment, the right kidney was removed and weighed. Then, the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes activity levels were measured in the right kidney. Results: UUO significantly increased right kidney weight and MDA concentration, and decreased the SOD and GPx enzymes activity level in the right kidney of UUO animals compared to the control (p<0. 05). OLEUROPEIN was able to reduce right kidney weight and MDA concentration in the UUO+OLEUROPEIN group compared to the UUO group (p<0. 05), and significantly increased the SOD and GPx enzymes activity level (p<0. 05). Conclusion: UUO induces oxidative stress in the contralateral kidney, and OLEUROPEIN administration can have a protective effect on the contralateral kidney by restoring the antioxidant system.

A simple, green and inexpensive water-based procedure was developed to extract OLEUROPEIN from olive leaf samples.Extraction was optimized in terms of the solvent, pH of the solvent, temperature and time of extraction. The experimental results revealed that deionised water adjusted to pH 3, at 60oC for 4 h had the highest extraction efficiency. Samples were lyophilized and stored in tight containers at -18oC until the analysis. OLEUROPEIN was identified by comparing the retention time of the extracts with standard compound using UV detector at 280 nm. The method of analysis was based on RP-HPLC, with a mobile phase of water (adjusted to pH 3): acetonitrile (80: 20 v/v) with a flow rate of 1 ml min-1. Linear dynamic range and limit of detection were found to be 50-900 mg ml-1 and 9.5 mg ml-1, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precision of the method were calculated as RSD% of 1.2 and 5.7, respectively. Olive leaves gathered from various cultivars of Iran were analyzed by the method and results showed that olive leaves from Shiraz had the highest OLEUROPEIN content (about 13 mg g-1). The developed method can be used in industry for proper mass production of this compound that is of great significance in medicine as well as food and cosmetics industry.