Background: Skin burn is one of the most common complications throughout the world. Olive derivatives have been used for the treatment of skin lesions in Iran. OLEUROPEIN is one of the main constituents of olive leaves. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the healing effects of OLEUROPEIN cream on second-degree burns wounds in a rat model. Methods: This experimental study was performed on 72 male Wistar rats. Superficial second-degree burns were induced in the hairless back of the animals. Then, they were randomly divided into six equal groups. The burnt area in the first group was covered twice a day with normal saline, in the second group with eucerin, in the third group with 1% silver sulfadiazine and in the fourthsixth groups, OLEUROPEIN cream was applied topically. To evaluate the efficacy of treatment, four rats in each group were euthanized on days 4, 9, and 14, and their skin was processed for wound contraction, glutathione (GSH) level, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, hydroxyproline (HP) content, inflammatory factors (transforming growth factor beta [TGF-, ] and interleukin 6 [IL-6]), and histological examination. Results: In comparison with untreated control rats, the daily application of 5% OLEUROPEIN cream significantly increased wound contraction, HP content, and GSH level over time. Moreover, it caused a significant reduction in inflammatory factors and MDA level. Histological examination confirmed the results. Conclusions: This study indicated that OLEUROPEIN has therapeutic value in treating burn wounds and thus supports its traditional use.

Background: Deltamethrin (DM) is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that can elicit neurotoxicity, leading to apoptosis. There is accumulating evidence that OLEUROPEIN (OE) has anti-apoptotic effect. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-apoptotic effect of OE pretreatment in the neuronal cells of cerebral cortex. Methods: Rats were randomly divided into four groups each containing five rats: DM-treated group (12.5 mg/kg, a single dose), OE-treated group (20 mg/kg per day), DM + OE-treated group, and vehicle group. Sections of the brain were obtained 24 hours after DM injection and studied for histopathological and immunohistochemistry assessment. Results: The histopathological assessments showed lesser characteristics of neural degeneration in DM + OE group compared with DM group. Greater Bcl-2 and attenuated Bax expression could be detected in the DM + OE treated mice compared with DM group. Conclusion: The results suggested that DM-induced neurotoxicity can be subsided by OE.

Background: Neutrophil infiltration plays an important role in inflammatory reactions following spinal cord injury (SCI) and these cells cause substantial secondary tissue damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of OLEUROPEIN (OE) on myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as an index of neutrophil infiltration.Methods: Rats were randomly divided into four groups of 7 rats each as follows: sham-operated group, trauma group, and OE treatment groups (20 mg/kg, i.p., immediately and 1 hour after SCI). Spinal cord samples were taken 24 hours after injury and studied for determination of MPO activity.Results: The results showed that MPO activity was significantly decreased in OE-treated rats.Conclusion: On the basis of our findings, we propose that OE may be effective in protecting rat spinal cord from secondary damage by modulating of neutrophil infiltration.

OLEUROPEIN is one of the main phenolic secoiridoid of the olive leaf extract, which is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of OLEUROPEIN in the ulcerative colitis treatment. An experimental study was designed on rats, which were divided into three groups, group 1 (normal control), group 2 (induced for ulcerative colitis and untreated), and group 3 (induced for ulcerative colitis and treated with OLEUROPEIN). Colonic tissue samples were collected from all studied groups and the oxidative stress and antioxidant activity were assessed by evaluating malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and nitric oxide (NO) levels. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β , TNF-α , IL-10, COX-2, iNOS, TGF-β 1, MCP-1, and NF-κ B, the pro-apoptotic gene Bax, and the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2 were assessed in colon tissues to evaluate the effectiveness of OLEUROPEIN treatment. OLEUROPEIN was effective on reducing the mortality rate and disease activity index. OLEUROPEIN caused a significant reduction in colon MDA, MPO, and NO levels and a significant elevation in SOD, CAT, and GPX levels and induced the down regulation of analyzed proinflammatory cytokines. Also, downregulation of Bax and upregulation of Bcl2 were observed as a result of OLEUROPEIN treatment in comparison with untreated acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis group. OLEUROPEIN showed intestinal anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects in ulcerative colitis experimental model.

Cerebral ischemia is a condition not reaching all or part of the brain, blood, and therefore oxygen. According to the property OLEUROPEIN antioxidant, the current study was performed aiming at using this substance to affect anxiety and improve memory in ischemic animals. In this study, 50 Wistar rats in the weight range of 200 to 250 g were randomly assigned to 5 groups including: control group,the ischemia group was divided by occlusion of both common carotid arteries and the three ischemia groups that received OLEUROPEIN at doses (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg) by gavage for 14 days. To cause ischemia, bilateral carotid arteries were isolated, blocked in two, and severed in the middle. Memory assessment was performed using the passive avoidance learning test (shuttle box) and the elevated plus maze device was used to assess anxiety. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD support. Ischemia decreased memory (p <0. 001). Anxiety was reduced (p <0. 001) and administration of doses of 10, 50, 100 mg/kg OLEUROPEIN, especially 100 mg/kg, led to improvement in memory deficits (p <0. 001) and anxiety (p <0. 001). Based on the results of this study, it seems that OLEUROPEIN reduces the severity of cognitive and behavioral disorders caused by hypoperfusion ischemia due to its antioxidant properties and inhibition of free radicals.

Objective: Olive oil and olive leaf extract are used for treatment of skin diseases and wounds in Iran. The main component of olive leaf extract is OLEUROPEIN. This research is focused on the effects of OLEUROPEIN on skin wound healing in aged male Balb/c mice.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, OLEUROPEIN was provided by Razi Herbal Medicine Institute, Lorestan, Iran. Twenty four male Balb/c mice, 16 months of age, were divided equally into control and experimental groups. Under ether anesthesia, the hairs on the back of neck of all groups were shaved and a 1 cm long full-thickness incision was made. The incision was then left un-sutured. The experimental group received intradermal injections with a daily single dose of 50 mg/kg OLEUROPEIN for a total period of 7 days. The control group received only distilled water. On days 3 and 7 after making the incision and injections, mice were sacrificed, and the skin around incision area was dissected and stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H& E) and Van Gieson’s methods for tissue analysis. In addition, western blot analysis was carried out to evaluate the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein expression. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). The t test was applied to assess the significance of changes between control and experimental groups.Results: OLEUROPEIN not only reduced cell infiltration in the wound site on days 3 and 7 post incision, but also a significant increase in collagen fiber deposition and more advanced re- epithelialization were observed (p<0.05) in the experimental group as compared to the control group. The difference of hair follicles was not significant between the two groups at the same period of time. Furthermore, western blot analysis showed an increased in VEGF protein level from samples collected on days 3 and 7 post-incision of experimental group as compared to the control group (p<0.05).Conclusion: These results suggest that OLEUROPEIN accelerates skin wound healing in aged male Balb/c mice. These findings can be useful for clinical application of OLEUROPEIN in expediting wound healing after surgery.

Background: OLEUROPEIN is a phenolic compound which is present in the olive leaf extract. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of OLEUROPEIN as an antioxidant agent on the substantia nigra in aged rats.Methods: Twenty 18-month-old Wistar rats (450-550 g) were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group received a daily single dose of 50 mg/kg of OLEUROPEIN by oral gavage for 6 months. The control group received only distilled water. All rats were sacrificed two hours after the last gavage and the brains were removed and midbrains were cut. One part of the midbrains were homogenized and centrifuged. The tissue supernatant was assayed for lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant enzyme activities. The other part of midbrains fixed and embedded in paraffin, then processed for Nissl and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Data was analyzed using SPSS by t-test. Differences were considered significant for P<0.05.Results: The level of LPO in midbrain of the rats was decreased significantly in the experimental group, but superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were increased in experimental group compared to control group (P<0.05). Morphometric analyses showed significantly that the experimental group had more neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) either in Nissl or IHC staining when compared to control (P<0.05).Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that treatment of the old rats with OLEUROPEIN reduces the oxidative damage in SNc by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities.