An ascomycetous fungus was collected from twigs of oriental plane tree (Platanus orientalis L.) from forest park of Kerman in April 2008 that was identified Preussia typharum (Sacc.) Cain [CAIN, R.F. 1961. Studies of coprophilous ascomycetes. Can. J. Bot. 39: 1633-1666; VALLDOSERA, M. & GUARRO, J. 1990. Estudiossobre hongos coprófilos aislados en Espana. XV. El ġénero Preussia (Sporormiella). Bol. Soc. Micol. Madrid 14: 81-94]. This is the first report of this fungus from Iran. A description of the fungus is given bellow:Ascocarps scattered, partly immersed in the bark, brown when young turning to black at maturity, globose to subglobose, shining, glabrous, non-ostiolate, splitting irregularly, without definite cleavage area, 250–350 mm in diam. (Fig. 11 A); peridium thin, membranous, dark-brown with shades of light red, consisting of thick-walled, angular (textura angularis) to isodiametric (textura epidermoidea), 5–7.5 mm cells (Fig. 11 B); asci vary in shape from cylindrical-clavate, 50–60 × 15.5–19.5 mm, to broadly clavate, 43–50 × 26–30 mm, 8-spored, with long stipes measuring 30–48 × 2.5–4.5 mm, lying in a parallel layer attached at the base of ascocarps, with crozier at base, bitunicate with thick and persistent wall when young, evanescent when mature, but not elongating in water to discharge ascospores (Fig. 11 C-E); ascospores crowded in a partially overlapping fascicle lying parallel with ascus, arranged tri-seriate at above and bi- or uni-seriate at below or rarely bi- or tri-seriate at the whole length of cylindrical-clavate asci and tri- or four-seriate at the whole length of broadly clavate asci, 4-celled, fusiform-cylindrical, 27–30 × 7.5–9 mm, deeply constricted at transverse septa, easily separable at all septa, straight or rarely slightly curved, smooth, hyaline at first, then olivaceous brown to light brown, finally very dark brown and opaque at maturity, with a large guttule when mounted in water (Fig. 11 F), mainly with parallel to oblique, rarely diagonal germ slit, sometimes with a kink near the middle (Fig. 11 H), end-cells distinctively longer than mid-cells with slightly to distinctively attenuated ends (conical to sub-conical), measuring 8.5–10.3 × 6.5–8 mm, mid-cells globose to distinctively barrel-shaped, measuring 7–8.5 × 8–8.5 mm (Fig. 11 G).Closest species to P. typharum is P. fleischhakii (Auersw.) Cain (CAIN 1961, VALLDOSERA & GUARRO 1990), which resembles P. typharum in ascocarps, peridium, asci and ascospores characteristics, is distinguished from that by possessing asci with very short stipes (reaching 10–14 mm in length), longer and narrower ascospores (26–35 × 6.5–7.5 mm), with narrower end-cells, measuring 8–10 × 6–7 mm and shorter and wider mid-cells, measuring 5.5–7.5 × 6–7.5 mm.

Introduction: Man's undue interference, livestock overgrazing, soil texture disorganization, and change in the geometry of channels are the main factors which could destroy the hydrologic balance of the watershed in an ecosystem. The systematic imbalance in a watershed could destroy the earth crust and increase flooding. It could also result in the erosion and soil sedimentation behind the reservoir dams and the destruction of the agricultural lands, roads, and villages. In addition, it could reduce the production ability of productive sources. Soil erosion is one of the environmental problems that threatens natural resources, agriculture, and the environment. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the biological, managerial, and constructional watershed projects and their effects on reducing erosion, sedimentation, and parameters of land protective cover. This study was conducted between 2001-2010 in the Khorrambid urban watershed from the Sivand dam in Fars province. Methodology: A. Primary Collection Method: The preliminary data for Khorambid urban watershed from Sivand dam was collected by the executive detailed reports (Natural Resources and Watershed Management Office of Fars Province, 2001). B. Estimating the parameters of land cover layer, erosion, and sedimentation before implementing the watershed projects Before implementing the watershed projects, the vegetation parameters, erosion, and sediment yields in the executive and detailed reports were used to evaluate the parameters. C. Estimating the parameters of land cover layer, erosion, and sedimentation after implementing the watershed projects In the first step, the vegetation classification mapping was prepared and the vegetation parameters were sampled in the paired plots. It must be mentioned that one of the most effective items in estimating the erosion and sedimentation is to know the land cover parameters. To determine the rates of erosion and sediment exited from the network, it was required to calculate the rate of erosion and sediment on the domain. It was also required to calculate the controlled sediments on the waterway or at the rear of structures. In the first step, the locations of all structures executed in the intended sub-basins were specified by GPS to determine the sediments trapped at the rear of the structures. Meanwhile, their types, structural materials, and location maps were prepared. In the second step, the waterway slope, overflow height, reservoir length, waterway width, reservoir volume, and sediment volume were respectively determined by preparing some special forms via clinometer and meter. In addition, to estimate the erosion and the sedimentation of the domain, the experimental model of MPSIAC, modified by ArcGIS10, was used. When the nine layers of the MPSIAC model were combined and overlapped, the homogeneous units map was prepared. Next, the scores of nine factors were estimated and calculated to extract the sedimentation degree of each homogeneous unit according to the following equation: Qs = /253 e0. 036R (Equ. 1) When the sedimentation map was prepared, the erosion rate was calculated by the Sedimentation Delivery Rate (SDR) equation in the level of homogeneous unit. Regarding the factor of the basin area ( based on square mile), the following equation was used to determine the percentage of SDR. Log SDR = 1. 8768 – 0. 14191 log(10A) (Equ. 2) To evaluate the differences between sedimentation changes in the sub-basins for the pre and post watershed operations, the normality test and Paired T-test in SPSS software were used. Discussion: The results indicated that the factors’ score of river erosion and surface erosion which were respectively 30. 77 % and 30. 51% had the most effects and the land cover factor, with 15. 05%, had the least effect on reducing the sedimentations to 21. 97%. Also, the area of sediment class of 75-100 was 1375 hectares, which was equivalent to 15. 78% of the basin's area. Indeed, in terms of the spatial distribution, it was located in the basin outlet and changed to class 50-75. The sediment class of 50-75 was 7339 hectares, equivalent to 84. 22% of the basin's area. It reduced to 28. 09 % and changed to the lower class of 25-50. Since there was a significant change in the sedimentation of the sub-basins in 0. 05 levels, the results of this study indicated that the watershed projects were efficient in reducing the sediments. To manage the water and soil resources, to raise the effectiveness of watershed operations in reducing erosion and sediments, and to raise the land cover layer in Khorrambid watershed, the combination of both biological and constructional programs and treatments undertaken in the basin should be applied. Conclusion: With regard to the findings of this study, before the watershed operation, the sedimentation degrees in two classes of 75-100 and 50-75 were respectively 15. 78% and 84. 22%. According to the sedimentation class map, the sedimentation degree of 75-100 was located in the basin outlet. Since the structural watershed operation has been extended more than biological watershed operation, the sediment class with the area of 1375 hectares experienced lower sediment degree and changed to 50-75 class after the watershed operation. The sediment class of 50-75 was 7339 hectares before the watershed operation; however, by implementing biological programs, 2447 hectares of that class changed to the lower class of 25-50. Therefore, 15. 78% of class 75-100 before the watershed operation reduced to 0% after the watershed operation. In addition, 84. 22% of class 50-75 was reduced to 71. 91%. Regarding the equation of SDR based on the area factor, the rate of SDR for the basin was 33. 03%. Thus, the sediment rates for pre and post watershed operations were respectively calculated as 23755 and 14390 tons, which indicated 39. 42 % drops in the total sediments. The results of this study showed that the watershed operation, which was a combination of protective, managerial, and biological programs, was implemented well in the measures of domain and waterway (structural) in the basin. Consequently, the sedimentation mean in Khorambid watershed decreased to 39. 42%. The findings of this study are in line with the findings of researchers such as Roghani (2012), Salmanpour (2013), Azami Rad (2013), and Agharazi (2016).

In Iran, as well as in Iraqi Kurdistan, the critique of literary texts using ‘ literary theories’ has grown in recent years. The present study investigates published articles in ‘ Literary Criticism’ and ‘ Sulaimaniyah University’ journals. The research method in this article is criticizing the critiques. The aim was to answer two questions: Why has this kind of critique and theory taken up so much volume? How have researchers applied this theory? The volume of the articles includes 188 Persian and 76 Kurdish articles. After discarding 46 Persian and 29 Kurdish articles in terms of the basic structure, the scope was reduced to 142 Persian and 47 Kurdish articles. After analyzing the articles, it was found that the theory of structuralism was used in 47 Persian articles (33. 9%) and 15 Kurdish articles (33. 09%). The theory had the largest share in the articles compared to the type of critique and other theories. An attempt has been made to apply the critique and theory of structuralism in these articles, to express the differences and correspondence of the type of attitude in Kurdish and Persian articles. The findings of the research are that in the published articles of both journals, this theory is not fully understood and they have a general view that can be one of the reasons for the great application of this theory in published articles. Looking at how this theory is used, it can be said that Kurdish researchers have dealt with this theory more superficially and most of the time there is no analysis of the type of structure in the text. Also, unlike Persian articles, theories such as structuralist mythology, paleontology, structuralist psychology, Bakhtin conversation logic, do not exist in Kurdish articles at all. Another point in the published articles of the two journals is the refusal of researchers to study the sources in the original language or the sources of the first degree of constructivism, which is directly related to the type of application and analysis of texts. Introduction The critique of literary texts using ‘ literary theories’ has grown in recent years in Iran, as well as in Iraqi Kurdistan. This could be due to a kind of imitation of Europeans and a new definition of criticism, with the influence of Anglo-American cultural and social developments. Because in the West, since the beginning of the twentieth century, turning to literary theories has become very important and many books have been written about it. Every article or literary research needs theoretical support, and every researcher must use one or more literary critiques and theories to advance the work in order to maintain the scientific level of his / her research and its tastelessness. Literary Criticism Journal is one of the most popular journals in the field of academic literary criticism, which was launched in 2008 and soon became a base for many critics in the field of criticism and theory. Sulaimaniyah University Journal is one of the most prestigious academic journals. Therefore, the present study investigates published articles in ‘ Literary Criticism’ and ‘ Sulaimaniyah University’ journals. Research Method (Metacriticism, Criticizing Criticisms) To achieve the purpose of the study, in addition to using Cochran's formula for the statistical analysis, metacriticism was used. In this regard different and close words and terms have been used, such as critiques of criticisms, reading of readings, etc. Metacriticism goes beyond literary criticism and criticizes ideas, rules, and methods of critiques together. In other words, it is a way of generally looking at criticism. Studying the critical discourse of Metacriticism can help to perpetuate the interlocution and dialogue between different critics. Results 3. 1. Data Analysis to Investigate the Amount of Using the Structuralist Theory in The Two Journals To answer the first research question of the study, after analyzing the articles, it was found that the theory of structuralism was used in 47 Persian articles (33. 9%) and 15 Kurdish articles (33. 09%). The theory had the largest share in the articles compared to the type of critique and other theories. An attempt has been made to apply the critique and theory of structuralism in these articles, to express the differences and correspondence of the type of attitude in Kurdish and Persian articles. 3. 2. Data Analysis to Answer the Question of How to Apply the Structuralist Theory in The Two Journals With respect to the second research question of the present study, the authors studied the published articles based on different genres to find out the amount and the application of this theory. The following themes were observed in 142 Persian and 47 Kurdish articles. A: Classic poetry B: Contemporary poetry articles C: Articles that are about classical prose/fiction texts D: Articles that are written about contemporary or modern prose texts/stories E: Articles that are written about a film F: Articles that are about critical texts or critiques of criticism and theory G: Articles that are about different theories of structuralism with no specific textual analysis. Conclusions The findings of the present study showed that in the articles of both journals, this theory is not fully understood and they have a general view that can be one of the reasons for the great application of this theory in published articles. Considering how the structuralism theory is used, it can be said that Kurdish researchers have dealt with this theory more superficially and most of the time there is no analysis of the type of structure in the text. Also, unlike Persian articles, theories such as structuralist mythology, paleontology, structuralist psychology, Bakhtin conversation logic, do not exist in Kurdish articles at all. Another point in the published articles of the two journals is the refusal of researchers to study the sources in the original language or the sources of the first degree of constructivism, which is directly related to the type of application and analysis of texts.

Introduction Tehran is not a suitable place for pedestrians today. Air pollution and rising temperatures are the most important issues that cause this. Considering the existing density in urban spaces, one of the solutions that don’, t occupy the land area while having plants and enjoying their benefits is vertical and horizontal green surfaces or in other words, green walls and roofs. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of the urban green wall on air pollution and temperature. In this study, the Hedera helix plant of the green wall of Tehran Tabiat Bridge has been selected for further analysis of the subject. What will be investigated in this research is the effect of urban green walls on two factors including temperature and air pollution. Considering that the increase in air pollution can be a significant factor in creating global warming, and the temperature rise also leads to an increase in the number of secondary pollutants, these two parameters directly affect each other. Hence the difference between this research and the previous studies is that both of mentioned factors are questioned here. Furthermore, another difference is that most of the past research had examined urban walls in direct connection with the pollution caused by street traffic,however, in this research, the green wall of Tabiat Bridge, which is located at a height of almost 40 meters with markable distance from streets and pollutants such as cars, has been investigated. Therefore, the hypothesis of this research has been questioned in two phases. This hypothesis can be expressed in the form of this statement that the use of creeping plants including Hedera helix in urban green walls has an effective role in reducing air pollution and adjusting air temperature in hot seasons. This research aims to answer these questions, how much do plants growing in urban green walls reduce pollution and air temperature? According to the types of these plants, how far from the green wall this reduction may happen, and to what extent is it effective? Materials and Methods In two phases, this study measured the extent and effect of the green wall on temperature changes and pollutants in the air. In the first phase, temperature changes were measured by four data loggers simultaneously at distances of 0, 0. 5, 1, and 2 (points A, B, C, and D respectively) from the green wall and a height of 1. 5 meters from the bottom of the bridge. Field harvesting was done in three days of the summer season (July 5 to 8) from 10: 00 to 14: 00. (The average temperature in these three days is listed each half hour in the graphs. ). According to previous research results, the green wall’, s temperature effects happen regardless of the type of plant. Therefore, this phase of the study was carried out regardless of the type of hedera helix. The second phase was done by sampling the plants on the wall, checking the amount of sulfate and nitrate pollutants in it, and comparing this amount with the values of previous research. The reason for choosing these two pollutants in this research is the predominant volume of these two pollutants caused by the traffic of cars in polluted urban air. In the sample studied in this research, there are two types of Gracilis and Pedata Hedera helix plants, and in addition to the total absorption of the pollutant by the plant, the amount of absorption of these two species has also been compared with each other. Findings The results of this study indicate the effect of Hedera helix plant on temperature reduction. In hot seasons, it is effective only about 0. 5 meters from its wall and it is not effective in further points. At best, the effect of temperature reduction of this wall occurred at point A with a distance of zero from the wall, about 0. 8 °, C, in comparison to points C and D with temperatures close to the outside air. The results of the second phase show that in the hooded Hedera helix type, the absorption rate of sulfate is 2 times and nitrate absorption is about 1. 2 times more than the green type. To determine the amount of air quality, the more pollutants plants have absorbed, the more effective they will be in improving air quality by reducing pollutants. Therefore, in this research, it was shown that Pedata Hedera helix works more effectively than Gracilis Hedera helix to reduce air pollution. Conclusion Based on the results of this research, creating green walls using cheap plants, compatible with Tehran’, s climate and with rapid capital growth in Tehran can be used as an effective solution to absorb pollution caused by urban traffic and vehicle fuel. Furthermore, a comparison of two samples of the bridge and urban sample indicates an 18 times increase in sulfate concentration and 6. 8 times in the nitrate concentration in the urban sample compared to Tabiat bridge. As a result of analyzing and comparing the example of the green wall of Tabiat bridge with other urban green walls, it can be concluded that being away from the polluting source as well as creating a covered space in order to control the radiation factor increases the efficiency and effectiveness of these green walls. In addition to reducing pollutants, the effect of green surfaces in temperature adjustment is a very key factor. Although the effect of these walls in temperature reduction just happens in the close spaces near the wall, taking into account that the use of these green systems can happen on an extended scale the result will be remarkable. Considering the pollution conditions of cities today and proving the effectiveness of green walls in solving this problem, this issue will continue to be very important in creating sustainable cities in future research. Among the proposed topics, we can mention the effect of different implementation methods and the type of climbing plants or implementation system used in the green wall, and their efficiency and effectiveness.

Introduction: Historical and contemporary evidence shows that for technologically backward countries, development without commercial support (where tariffs are the main pillar) and subsidies, if not impossible, will prove difficult. Trade liberalization only works well if it is gradually selected as part of a long-term industrialization policy. Almost all of today's developed countries have organized their economies through the use of tariffs and subsidies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and after years of continuous efforts and pursuit by developing countries to adjust for economic inequality, and in particular by addressing the issue. UN-affiliated institutions and assemblies, including the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), have agreed that the world's industrialized nations should reduce discrimination in international trade, as well as provide an opportunity for other nations to increase foreign trade and increase their share. They trade in commodities and commodities exported to developing countries Expanded and less developed, take advantage of bilateral and mutual concessions in the Doha Round, thereby enabling the developing world to market their exported goods and products more readily to industrialized countries. The first step taken in this regard is the creation of a "general system of preferences", which has been established in collaboration with and under the support of UNCTAD. Under such arrangements, most industrialized countries, including EU members, favored many of the goods and products manufactured in developing countries. Such tariffs are usually lower than the full tariffs, and in addition to these arrangements, developing country groups in the developed countries market have better competitiveness and are also encouraged to importers. To meet their import needs from developing countries on equal footing, that is, to create conditions of competition and economic flexibility. This initiative, aimed at empowering production and quality improvement in developing countries, has goals in the WTO system of preferences. Preferential trade agreement is the mildest type of economic convergence that the signatory countries agree to impose preferential tariff rates on imports of each other, which is necessarily accompanied by trade liberalization and discrimination against third parties. In the four paragraphs of this article, we first analyze the reasons for preferential tariffs and the WTO's attention to them, and in the second paragraph, we consider trade liberalization, which is one of the main goals of the WTO in the light of the use of preferential tariffs. Paragraph 3 also assesses the necessity of tariff system integration in developing countries and, in paragraph 4, outlines the new and qualitative criteria to be applied in tariff system integration using preferential tariffs. We have made a decision. Methodology: The research is descriptive-analytical. Conclusions & Suggestions: In the discussion of this paper, we examined the impact of preferential tariff agreements on the integration of WTO tariff systems, and although trade tariffs may be due to preferential tariffs among economic blocs, diversion of trade between countries is generally possible. It has been proven that it will lead to the creation and development of commerce and industry and, in the short and long term, will require countries to comply with the principle of good national behavior, and in particular the full ethics of all nations but the WTO empowerment clause, as prescribed by the General System of Preferences and Customs Unions, should be followed by careful monitoring and setting the initial rates for negotiating membership or issuing harmonized customs codes at the time of the announcement of the preferential tariff agreement and timetable for The gradual liberalization of trade will support the industries that support it. However, according to the rules of origin, the use of preferential tariffs for bilateral and multilateral trade is to some extent seen with the allocation of at least 40% in WTO and bilateral or multilateral and regional regulations and are emphasized the stages of producing a commodity for trade between the countries of an economic bloc, but in order to integrate tariffs, in a notice board and a regulatory plan by the organization, this minimum participation rate of 40% must be established by creating a mechanism. In the medium term, up to 60%. The research findings also show that the creation of free trade and customs zones and the reduction of tariffs by signing preferential trade agreements will increase the volume of intra-group trade, exports and imports, as well as welfare effects for members. The research findings also show that creating free trade and customs zones and reducing tariffs through preferential trade agreements will increase the volume of intra-group trade, exports and imports as well as bring benefits to members. so: (A) The WTO, in order to achieve the goals of the Doha Round, and reduce tariffs, must provide the conditions necessary for the empowerment of southern countries through the transfer of technology to industrialized countries. (B) Subject to the provisions of Article 24 of the GATT Agreement, States Parties to the Regional Blocs shall, for the purpose of integrating and integrating their internal tariffs into the World Trade System, provide a means other than to establish a timetable for reducing tariffs and moving towards the establishment of a free zone; They do not have trade, and through which regional institutions act as a gateway to the WTO and free trade. (C) The industrialized nations, in accordance with the rules of the organization, apply the general system of preferences and tariff agreements to political pressure and to accompany developing countries (not for commercial liberalization and tariff integration) and in return for their markets. Providing them with exports and heavily using the WTO's more powerful means of restraining exports to those countries for reasons such as dumping, support tariffs and subsidies in the agricultural sector, the EU is a prominent example. (D) The World Trade Organization shall set the basic tariff rate for the member countries and the negotiation process in relation to the different categories of harmonized codes and its relative and absolute advantage in the production of goods and shall be monitored more closely by the developing countries. The supplier of the rules of origin with at least 40% of the production process of the product reaches to over 60% with a 10-year and 25-year long-term plan to achieve the goal of liberalizing and integrating tariff rates within the organization.

Introduction and statement of the problem: Zare Kohan (2014) defines media literacy as the practices that allow people to access, understand, and critically evaluate media content. If appropriately implemented, media literacy can protect audiences from misinformation and deceiving content. While the influences of media spread to our daily life, vulnerability to the threats which are widespread in both online and mainstream media are also increasing (Moghaddaszadeh & Safahieh, 2018). This vulnerability is not limited to a specific age group, but children, as well as teenagers, are more vulnerable compared to middle-aged and older adults. As children and teenagers spend most of their time at school and particularly with their family members, the role of the family has a profound effect on children's ability on how to deal with media content (Livingstone, 2014). The family role in overseeing children's activities becomes more critical than when the number of three to four years old children using smartphones and tablets is increasing (Ofcom, 2017). This paper offers a systematic review of such a role, and it aims at examining the family status in media literacy research in Iran and seeks to answer the following questions. 1) to what extent, media literacy studies in Iran have focused on the family? b) what are the approaches taken from the methodological point of view? 3) what are the main practical and theoretical findings of conducted studies? 4) what are the main existing research gap/s for further study in future studies? Methodology: Here we offer a systematic review of studies on media literacy that focussed on the Iranian family's role. In order to find published articles and works related to media literacy, we the following five keywords: "media literacy, " "information literacy, " "family, " "parents, " and "Iran. " The search took place in six databases, including "CIVILICA, " "ENSANI", "NOORMAGS, " "MAGIRAN, " "IRANDOC, " and "Scientific Information Database (SID)" were searched. In addition to the online databases, we also searched through the "Google Scholar" for additional and relevant studies on media literacy. The databases were selected based on all library subscriptions of the Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (IHCSs). To determine the relevancy of the studies for inclusion, we did the search based on the title, keywords, and abstracts. The first count of the obtained studies on media literacy led us to 105 publications. After reviewing all obtained studies, despite the presence of searched terms, 86 studies were excluded because they lacked relevant objectives of the study, or they did not present sufficient discussion on the subject matter. Further inspection of the documents resulted in identifying 19 articles in which some nine papers had the characteristics that we were looking for and used them for the final analysis. To ensure adherence to the admission requirements, two researchers reviewed and approved the included documents independently. Findings and discussion: This study aimed at investigating the family situation in media literacy research in Iran. The search yielded nine relevant studies in which the oldest and latest were published in 2008 and 2017, respectively. The search procedure was carried out in the summer of 2018, and the procedure was not limited to any specific time. From a methodological point of view, three out of nine studies applied documentary methods. This method, also known as library study, involves identifying and locating relevant information, analyzing what was found, and then developing discussion and conclusion. Three out of nine studies used quantitative survey methods, two out of nine applied focus groups, and semi-structured in-depth interviews, and one study used a SWOT analysis. The findings show that most of the studies have been used by documentary and survey methods to meet their goals. The main objectives of the studies were to determine whether a relationship existed between the level of education and the economic conditions of families that had media literacy. In terms of the field of researchers who carried out these studies, eight out of nine studies came from the communication filed. This indicates the family's substantial role in media literacy is well-understood among communication scholars. According to the findings of the present research, a small number of research on media literacy paid attention to the importance of the family's role. Nowadays, when new and mainstream media are penetrated in all aspects of our life, and some cases, they can be dangerous, especially for children and teenagers who do not know how to use and deal with potential threats. Given this central role, the primary responsibility to educate children and teenagers is on the family's shoulders. As the reviewed studies showed, the relationship between limited variables such as socio-economic conditions and family's income with media literacy were investigated in previous research (e. g., Ashrafirizi, Ramezani, Aghajani, & Kazempour, 2013; Shojaee & Amirpour, 2012). Hence, the challenge for further research is to learn more about how the family may educate media literacy to children. Conclusion: Based on the objective of the current study to investigate family status in media literacy research in Iran, published literature on the subject seems very limited. This indicates that the family's role has not received enough attention from researchers whose media literacy is among their interest areas. It is also worth mentioning that perhaps there could be other relevant unpublished studies that are not either open to the public or are in press. However, referring to all included papers, it shows that minimal studies focused on the family's role in media literacy research. It should also be mentioned that almost all of these minimal studies done by communication scholars. Prominent Results: Despite the prominent role of families to educate children on how to use media, it has not received enough attention on how moms and dads may play their crucial way. As the findings indicate, moms play a more significant role in teaching children how to use media; therefore, educating and increasing media awareness among moms is fundamental. Furthers studies need to focus on how ' media literacy among parents influences children's media behavior. However, this could be very useful if future studies integrate communicative and cultural factors in investigating family status in media literacy.

Objectives Nowadays, Considering to the role and value of land in development and space management process, observation and analysis of the causes and consequences of land use changes in rural areas, especially areas that are in high tensions with urban areas, is of paramount importance. Land use changes, for any reason, could be effective in the organizing of physical and socio-economic impacts in rural spaces. Today, using and organization of land is one of the most important principles of spatial planning, because realization of various aspects of physical compliance standards such as accessibility, proximity, the safety and space efficacy depends on proper management of land. On the other side, land use and ways of using it in public, has always been the source of conflicts and social problems and conflicts between public resources and legal rights and how to exploit it. But the land and the loss of land and construction in rural areas is a main topic that nowadays, considering to development and growth of the population and changing the currents and interaction of urban and rural areas, is highly regarded. Shandiz rural district as a part of Binalodd Township had been experimented increasing land use changes in recent years and this study tried to analyzing the reasons and result of these changes. Methodology Shandiz district is located at a distance of 15 kilometers from the northwest side of Mashhad, and its total population contain 30981 persons, with a rural population of 20553 people. It has 27 rural areas that 7 villages (Sarasiab, Hessar Sorkh, Veirani, Abardeh Olya, Zoshk, Chah Khaseh, and Archang) with the most changes in land uses are chosen as case study area according to the formal data given by the Housing Foundation and the data is collected accordingly. The present study aims at achieving a clear picture of the effects of land use changes of Shandiz district on a conceptual basis. To achieve this, grounded theory approach is used. The grounded approach is among qualitative methods of research which is used for investigating social processes in human interactions. In this method, data collection, analysis and final theory have close relationship with each other and the author does not begin the work with the theory he/she has in his/her mind, but starts the work in the reality domain and lets it emerge through the data he/she collects. Discussion Since the conceptual model of theoretical fundamentals has three main parts, that is, (a) causes and contributing factors,(b) process and changes,and (c) results and consequences, the questions and investigations are organized in such a way that this process is realized and the three structural components are implemented in some way. Step 1: Causes and Factors Affecting Changes in Land Uses In Step 1, to explain and draw theoretical and fundamental model, some questions were posed concerning the causes of changes in land uses and the villagerschr('39') tendency to such changes. As can be seen by the results of total percentages of each dimension, the most frequency of the causes and factors affecting such changes in land uses relates to social and legal dimension with a frequency of 38. 5% and then, relates to economic causes with a frequency of 29. 93%. Environmental and institutional-regulatory causes rank second in terms of importance. Step 2: Types of Changes in Land Uses and the Process Required for Such Purpose In the next section, one makes investigation into the most common types of changes in land uses among the villages of the study area. Accordingly, in most of the villages of the study area, the most common type of such change was from farmlands and orchards to residential lands and/or lands used for tourism services. Investigation into the changes in land uses and its most common types are in fact indicative of this important point that these changes can be explained in two internal and external types. In internal changes, most of the agricultural activities change from one type into another one, that, which protection of natural resources and the view of the land and village, no residential building or industrial products have been erected or manufactured which disturb the arrangement and layout. Step 3: Effects and Consequences of Change in Land Uses Given the results obtained, the most important consequences of change in land use in villages can first be attributed to the environment of the village and imbalance between environmental cycles of these areas so that this dimension with a cumulative frequency of 48. 5% is higher than economic effects (27. 28%) and social effects (24. 28%). This result may be a warning for environmental crises in rural areas and, consequently, increasing relations between city and village because most of these effects are resulted from the role a village plays as a service provider to urban tourists on a direct basis. Result According to the results from the study, the most important causes and factors affecting change in land use in the study area can be social-legal, economic, environmental, regulatory and institutional ones. Accordingly, failure to organize and properly supervise the price of land, decreased support of agriculture, and the problems due to market and profitability of this activity can be such causes and factors which may lead to such changes in favor of industrial constructions and/or decrease such environmental potentials as green and agricultural lands in rural areas. Accordingly, in the 1st dimension, it is recommended that in order to reduce these changes, some support policies are made by the authorities concerned in the field of agricultural production as well as some regulatory laws are strictly enforced in rural areas. Given the fact that the most changes are made for the purpose of increased human constructions and environmental degradation, with development of interactions between villages and cities in these areas, degradations due to the presence of tourists and villa construction will lead to many economic and social changes such as ecosystem imbalance, native populationchr('39')s leaving the villages and immigration to cities, and decreased agricultural productions during a long time.

Introduction: Apple tree is one of the widely grown fruit crops in Iran. Apple is not only consumed as fresh fruit in Iran but also it is one of the most important export products in country. Iran has a good ranking among the first world ten apple producing countries and it annual production is about three million tons. Although Iran has acceptable ranking in the case of apple production in the world, but its mean yield is about 13 tons per hectare. Unsuited nourishing and unbalancing of the nutrients in the soils is one of the reasons for reducing of apple yields in most parts of Iran. Calcium (Ca) is one of the plant nutrients that most closely related to improvement of fruit quality and increasing of fruits shelf life. Calcium mobilization from leaf to fruit is controlling by transpiration of plant. With growing of fruits, calcium deficiency will be increase especially in high temperature and drought condition because of dilution effect. Calcium ions bind tightly to the pectins in the cell walls and produce cationic bridges between pectic acids, or between pectic acids and other acidic polysaccharides. These bridges make the cell walls less accessible to the action of pectolytic enzymes. It is suggested that addition of calcium to fruit can either enhance resistance of fruit to postharvest pathogens or reduce susceptibility to postharvest diseases and disorders. Calcium chloride (Ca Cl2) and calcium nitrate [Ca (NO3)2] are commonly used for foliar sprays. Application of calcium chloride has been reported to control fruit disorders and improve fruit quality of apples and pears. Calcium chloride solution by immersion did not significantly differ from the untreated control in pH, total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TA). Boron is an essential micronutrient required for optimal yield and quality of apple fruit. Its availability to plants decreases with increasing of soil pH and under drought condition. Boron deficiencies may reduce Ca movement in a tree. Boron plays a significant role in pollination success and it plays a role in the trees ability to translocation of Ca from the roots to other parts of the tree. Foliar application of boron is preferred over soil application because of the very narrow range from deficient to toxic levels. Efficiency of calcium and boron increases plant height by increasing mitotic activity in the terminal meristems. Dwarfing rootstocks have been used in most parts of the world. They have more differences in adaptability with different soils and agro-climatologically conditions. Recently using from East Maling 9 (M9) and Maling Merton 106 (MM106) has been extended in Iranian apple gardens. Regarding to the difficulties of apple growing gardens in Iran that due to appearing serious difficulties in nutrients absorption by plants and importance of improvement of qualitative and quantitative apple production on the other hand, this study carried out. Materials and Methods: The research study was conducted at the Khorramdarreh region located in 36 ○ . 13 ' eastern longitude and 49 ○ . 12 ' northern altitude and 1560 meter above the free seas levels, during spring and summer 2014 to determine the influence of foliar calcium chloride + calcium nitrate and boron mixture application on growth and yield performance of Star King apple cultivar grafted on M 9 and MM 106 rootstocks. Trees were nine years old. The experiment was laid out in factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. Factor A was rootstock in two level(M 9 and MM 106) and factor B was foliar spraying of calcium chloride + calcium nitrate and boron mixture with three levels(0, 3000 and 5000 ppm). Mixture of calcium chloride, calcium nitrate and borax (3000 and 5000 ppm), were applied as foliar spray in four times with 22 days interval started from 28 of June (after June drop). A back-held spray pump was used for foliar application of the chemicals. After spraying two branches were selected at two eastern and western directions with 80-100 centimeter length and 1-1. 5 centimeter diameter for noting the growing related traits such as length and diameter of new branches also the tress height and diameter were noted. After ripening of the fruits, ten randomly selected fruit were picked around the tree canopy from each treatment and in laboratory some qualitative characteristics such as pH, titrable acid and total soluble solids of them were tested. The data were analyzed using MSTAT-C software and treatment means were separated by the Duncans Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 0. 05% level of significance. Results and Discussion: Results showed that effect of rootstock factor was significant on length of new branches, tree diameter, annual increasing of tree diameter and fruit pH. The highest length of new branches (30. 56 cm) belonged to MM 106 rootstock that 47% increased comparing with M9 new branches length. The lowest tree diameter was 11. 50 cm and belonged to M 9 rootstock that decreased about 51% comparing with MM 106 rootstock. The highest annual increasing of tree diameter (6. 8 mm) belonged to MM 106. The maximum fruit pH (4. 7) belonged to M9 rootstock that had significantly differences with fruit pH in MM 106(4. 5). Concentration factor had significantly effect on individual tree fruit yield, yields per hectare, length and diameter of new branches, trees height and diameter, annual increasing of tree diameter, fruit total soluble solid, fruit juice and fruits texture hardiness. Interaction effect of rootstock × concentration was significant only on length of new branches. With increasing of solution mixture (calcium chloride + calcium nitrate and boron) concentration, growing of new branches (in length and diameter), trees height and diameter were increased. Conclusion: It can be concluded from these results that three time foliar application of calcium chloride + calcium nitrate and boron mixture on Star King apple cultivar grafted on M 9 and MM 106, results in a significant increase in tree and fruit qualitative and quantitative production. According to the results of study spraying of Star King apple cultivar with 5000 ppm concentration of calcium chloride + calcium nitrate and boron mixture, recommended in Khorramdarreh region.

Intruduction: Red beds have been widely studied by palaeomagnetic methods for what they can tell us about the history of sedimentary basins and their subsequent deformation (Collinson, 1974, Turner, 1979a, b and 1981, McCabe and Elmore, 1989, Elmor, et al., 1993 and 2000). This study has investigated the palaeomagnetism of the Cambrian red sediments (Dezou and Dahou Formation) of the eastern margin of Central Iran.Davoudzadeh and Schmidt, (1984), have done some work on the region which includes these rocks and discuss the few rotations of the Central Iran micro plates. The aim of this study is to consider the AMS results to investigate the palaeo force field on the rock located at the northern side of the Persian Gulf.Geological setting: The sampling sites of this study are situated in the Cambrian sediments of the eastern margin of Central Iran. These are the largest structural sedimentary units and are composed of complex geological structures. In this region, igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks of the Precambrian to Quaternary Periods are preserved with a predominant number of outcrops of Mesozoic rocks. Most structural elements in different scales such as faults and folds are related to the tectonic activities of the Mesozoic and later eras. The most important structural element of the region is the Koohbanan fault with a NW-SE trend. Similar to the most other important faults of Central Iran, the existence of this fault is related to the late Precambrian Era.The Dezou Formation is limited to the Rezou series (Late Precambrian) by a fault at the bottom and it can be separated by an unconformity from the Dahou Formation at the top in its area of study (Gazooie village, 30.8o N and 56.7o E, sites 13-14 & 16-20). It has a thickness of 380 m involving three major parts.The Dahou Formation in the area of study (Gazooie village, 30.8oN and 56.7oE, site 20, figure. 4) rests with a basal breccia conformably on dolomites and limestone of the Dezou Formation. Middle to the end of early Cambrian Period was inferred from the stratigraphic position. It is covered by the Koohbanan Formation unconformably.Rock magnetic studies: In the present study rock magnetic experiments including IRM acquisition, backfield IRM, thermomagnetic, and hysteresis and AMS studies have been performed on samples of the Dezou and Dahou Group sediments. Some of these experiments yield results that are grain size dependent and others are mineral type dependent; some are dependent on both properties.Jelinek (1981) and Hrouda (1982) have proposed parameters T and Pj for the shape and corrected anisotropy degree (Tarling and Hrouda, 1993). A plot of T against Pj when Pj>1 and-1<T<1 provides information about the shape and the degree of anisotropy on the same plot. T- Pj plot is shown for all sampling sites in the Dahou and Dezou Formations and also site 20 only. Most samples have less than 10% anisotropy but some of the samples tend to be more anisotropic.Curie temperatures are mostly between 675-700oC and attributed to specularite and pigments of hematite. In a few examples magnetite with a Curie temperature of about 570ºC can be seen as well. The clearest indication of magnetite here is RM ratio (RM ratio is the value of Ms at 100°C on the cooling curve to the value on the heating curve).RM ratio < 1 showing that magnetite has been oxidized to hematite with low Ms Values.Rock magnetic studies show an agreement that both specular hematite and magnetite can occur in these sediments although the effect of hematite is usually dominant.Site 13 that is sampled in red sandstone shows paramagnetic mineral content and hematite pigment with a Curie temperature of 680oC and a saturation field of 2000 mT. Low coercivity of 50 mT shows a low amount of magnetite.Site 14 that is sampled in red sandstone shows a high amount of paramagnetic mineral content and finer grain size of hematite pigments (compare to site 13) with a Curie temperature of 680oC and a saturation field of 3000 mT. Lower coercivity than site 13 shows low amount of magnetite too.Site 15 that is sampled in dolomite breccias shows very scattered results of IRM, hysteresis and Curie curves. And overall look suggest a predominantly diamagnetic mineral.Site 16 that is sampled in red sandstone at its contact with dyke shows an overprinted magnetite mineral and it is obvious from the curie temperature of 580oC and very low saturation field in hysteresis and IRM curve.Site 17 that is sampled in dolomite just above the dyke shows an overprinted magnetite.However, a predominant content of diamagnetic minerals is clear.Site 18 and Site 19 that are sampled in red sandstone and red shale respectively show similar rock magnetic behavior of paramagnetic mineral content and pigment and specular hematite with a high saturation field of 3000 mT and a back field of 500 mT.Red sediments normally show a stable rock magnetic content. The presence of hematite in these samples that is evident from rock magnetic results also confirms the stability of magnetic properties and therefore we can rely on the AMS directional analysis.Conclusion: Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) studies on Precambrian to early Cambrian red sediments, in the north side of the Kohbanan fault (Iran), show a predominant tectonic fabric with a low magnitude of oblate and prolate shape. The direction of the maximum axis of AMS lies parallel to the direction of the folded bed axis and therefore tectonic forces are probably matched up with the rotation of the Lut plate with respect to the Central Iran.

Slang language is an informal language which has been used among different social groups and entered literature, too. Considering the linguistic and cultural limits in the process of slang translation, this study was done to examine the translation of slang language in two children and adult picture novels, The Diaries of a Wimpy Kid, and The Brilliant World of Tom Gates. The first novel written by Kinney exploded in popularity and was considered New York Times bestseller in 2007. It has won many national and international prizes including “ Nickeldone” and “ The children praised book” . The second novel, The Brilliant World of Tom Gates, was written by Pishon. It has won several prestigious awards, including Roald Dahl funny Prize and the Water Stones children’ s Book Prize. It has also been translated into over 33 languages worldwide. This study was done to elaborate different types of slangs and translation strategies applied in the translation of slangs to show how much the translators were successful in translating slang words and how the introduced translation strategies were beneficial in translation of slang expressions. The data of this qualitative-descriptive study were collected by applying Partridge’ s theory about types of slangs and Baker’ s strategies for translation of slangs. Partridge distinguishes ten different kinds of slangs: a. Cockney: It is divided into two types used by educated and uneducated people; b. Public house: It refers to group words and phrases made up for the smallness of the recorded vocabulary by nature. It is the main, genial, cheery, materialistic, but not gross nor cynical one; c. Workmen’ s: Linking up with the public house is workmen’ s slang which is very closed to tradesman slang used to refer to family and financial matters in workmen’ s lives; d. Tradesmen: They are used between tradesmen; e. Commerce: it refers to slangs used in trade between tradesmen and customers; f: Public schools and universities: in these type students become the main source, because they are fresh, full of spirit to move forward for their future; g: Society: it is concerned with the spirit of universe, the world life; h. Art: The words and phrases of art are quickly adopted by the society; however, only few words of them are known; I. Theatre: It came to existence in the nineteen century and is related to slangs in art; and J. Church: Slangs not only appear from people in the street or in their daily conversation, but also can be found from a holy place such as church. Baker provides 8 strategies for translation of slangs: 1. Translation by a more general word: The translator uses a common word in the target language which expresses the same referential meaning and the same expressive meaning as those of the slangs in the source text; 2. Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word: It consists of data that are translated using common words or phrases of dissimilar meaning, both referential and expressive; 3. Translation by cultural substitution: This strategy involves replacing a culture-specific item with a target language item, which does not have some propositional meaning but is likely to have similar impact on the target reader; 4. Translation by loan or loan word plus explanation; 5. Translation by paraphrase using a related word: This strategy consists of data that are translated using words or phrases of similar referential meaning but dissimilar expressive meaning; 6. Translation by paraphrasing using an unrelated word: Means translation using words or phrases of similar expressive meaning but dissimilar referential meaning; 7. Translation by omission: The translator can omit one word or more to make the translation suitable to the target language structure, seems natural, and suitable for the target language’ s culture, 8. Translation by illustration: This strategy enjoys illustrations or pictures to convey the idea from the source text to the target text. Pictures can be helpful to the translator for translating slangs appropriately. According to Partridge’ s classification of slang types, there were three types of slangs of school and university (53. 27%), social (44. 26%) and workmen (24. 45%) in the first novel. In the second novel, there were also three types of slangs, namely, social (72%), school and university (24%), and artistic slangs (4%). For translation of these slangs in the first novel, eight strategies of translation introduced by Baker were used. They were translation by more general words (62. 22%), translation by more neutral/less expressive words (9. 76%), cultural substitution (15. 86%), translation using loan words and explanations (2. 44%), paraphrasing using related words (20. 44%), paraphrasing using unrelated words (18. 3%), omission (9. 76%) and translation by illustrations (6. 1%). In the second novel, six strategies were applied. They were namely, translation by more general words (4%), translation by more neutral/less expressive words (0%), cultural substitution (30%), translation using loan words and explanations (6%), paraphrasing using related words (26%), paraphrasing using unrelated words (30%), omission (0%) and translation by illustrations (4%) were applied. In the first novel, translating by more general words was the most applied strategy and in the second novel, cultural substitution and translation by unrelated words were the most used ones. By applying translation by more general words strategy, the translator of the first novel made the meaning of slang words change and transferred them to common words, so he did not transfer the exact meaning of slangs and did not produce the same effect on the target language. On the other hand, the second translator applied the cultural substitution strategy to find proper equivalences for slangs in the target culture and in this way succeeded in transferring the exact meaning of slangs, and producing the same effect on the target language. Another finding of this study was that pictures are influential in transferring meaning of slang language to children and adult reader. According to results of this study, pictures can help the translator in conveying the meaning of slang words in children and young adult literature.