According to the several scientific resources, Iran is considered to be among the melioidosis-endemic regions of the world; this is in stark contrast to the domestic stance in Iran, where the risk of melioidosis is speculated only as an emerging infectious disease in a non-endemic area. Recently, devastating flash floods has occurred in the most provinces of Iran; the change of soil structure may facilitate the cultivation of bacteria in the upper layers of the ground, consequently causes exposure and re-emergence of the disease. Considering previous isolation and identification of Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia Pseudomallei, and Burkholderia cepacia complex from human, animal, and environment samples in Iran, it is urgently necessary to upgrade and equip infrastructures to identify and distinguish between pathogenic Burkholderia and commensals in the context of the One Health surveillance system. In the present perspective, the history of melioidosis in the country is presented to attract attention to the negligence of disease over the last four decades.

Rabies is a deadly Neglected zoonotic disease that affects the central nervous system of all warm-blooded animals and is widespread in many regions of the world. It is caused by rabies virus belongs to genus Lyssavirus (“, lyssa”,meaning “, madness”, ), family Rhabdoviridae, and order Mononegavirales. Rabies is a devastating disease endemic in developing countries that is responsible for the death of thousands of lives every year,more than 95% of them are from Africa and Asia. Ethiopia is one of the highest human deaths due to rabies from Africa, even though the cases are under-reported. Rabies is almost fatal once clinical signs and symptoms are developed for both animals and humans. There are different modes of rabies transmission,the most common one is by being bitten by infected hosts and transferring rabies virus contained saliva through the exposure of wound or scratched skin. Domestic dogs serve as a major reservoir of the rabies virus in many developing countries and play a great role in virus transmission. Several countries that apply successful rabies elimination programs perform free post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for bite victims and mass dog vaccination, establish a strong national rabies surveillance system, and encourage the capacity of medical staff through sustainable training. Implementing these best experiences toward rabies elimination and dealing with great emphasis in Ethiopia is essential to avoid dog-mediated rabies deaths. In developing countries like Ethiopia, where dog-mediated rabies is endemic, execute dog vaccination policies at regional and municipal levels to break the transmission chains of rabies due to dog bites. Therefore, the government points up sustainable strong inter-sectoral collaboration and community engagement, as well as it provides safe, effective, and affordable modern anti-rabies vaccine to be used for post-exposure prophylaxis to eliminate this public health important disease.

Introduction. This fascinating disorder is also known as Sinus Histiocytosis. It is very rare, probably less than 1000 cases reported in the literature. R.D.D affects lymph nodes, although extranodal involvement has been reported such as: Centaral nervous system (CN.S). All of the cases of R.D.D with CN.S involvement without other sites involvement are 11 cases. Methods. The case is a male patient, 26y/o, with a history of head trauma 2 years ago that has been resulted to unconsciousness. He has been referred to a hospital and brain CT scan and brain M.R.I has been done for him. In M.R.I a brain tumor with left orbit and sphenoidal sinus involvement and compression effect on frontal lobe has been seen. A neurosurgeon operated him and the pathological report was Rosai-Dorfman disease. Then he was referred to radiation therapy department.Results. Treatment approach in CN.S involvement cases consists of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Discussion. Over all, response has been inferior to those expected with malignant hematopoietic neoplasms.

Health care services and programs directed towards combating the Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) have been disrupted because of the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The African continent because of its staggering health care system and poor economy disproportionately bears the burden of these diseases. While successes have been recorded in controlling and eliminating the NTDs, policymakers in Africa should consider the potential of the COVID-19 to dwindle these successes an issue of high priority. This commentary seeks to discuss the current status of NTDs in Africa and proffer recommendations to help combat these diseases at this period. It is worthy to say that similar dedication directed towards fighting the COVID-19 should also be deployed into eliminating other diseases like the NTDs which often, are Neglected.

Purpose: To report our recent experience of treating patients with stones associated with renal failure، some of the factors underlying this problem، and few suggestions to avert this tragedy. Materials and Methods: From January 2010 to December 2010، a total of 2838 new patients with stone disease and renal failure were reviewed and compared with a cohort of 878 patients with normal renal functions. Their demographic and clinicopathological parameters were noted and analyzed. Results: Of 2838 patients، 278 presented with acute and chronic renal failure، 40 (1. 4%) with unilateral non-functioning kidneys، and 25 (0. 8%) with pyonephrosis and perinephric abscess. Management in 278 (9. 7%) subjects was divided into initial relief of obstruction by percutaneous gery، percutaneous nephrolithotomy، extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy، and ureterorenoscopy to make these patients stone-free. Results of treatment showed that 72% of patients either recovered their renal functions or became dialysis-free at the end of the follow-up period. Conclusion: Complications of renal calculi in the era of modern treatment can be prevented by public education and organizing courses for family physicians as well as opening new stone clinics in the rural areas of the country equipped with modern treatment facilities and strategies for prevention of renal calculi.