For long there has been a history of debates on relieving the senile and terminally ill patients of the pain of living. The humanists believe that a physicians duty is to cure the patients ailment, but others see no point in keeping the terminally ill alive. They deem euthanasia the physicians ultimate responsibility. These were mostly the racists who pursued the ideal of the superior race and the perfect man. Following the theories of the racists and Darwins theory, they conducted plenty of research on improving race and reproduction and came across certain conclusions. They suggested the forced sterilization of the disabled and also barring their marriage. Furthermore, they exterminated the terminally ill because they were thought to incur innumerable losses on the society and the state at large. They were the unproductive human beings. In Germany, the idea of euthanasia provided the best conditions for National socialists which led to the mass murder with the intention of racial improvement. The patients sterilization and extinction happened in Germany along the line of ethnic cleansing. The roots of the execution of euthanasia in the Nazi Germany can be found in the intellectual, ideological, and political foundations of the party.

This article deals with the roots of the events before and after the second world war in Europe, specially in Italy and Germany which resulted in the political systems of Fascism and National Socialism.The writer then describes the characteristics of the two political systems

Abortion is one of challenging issues in our modern world. Differences in the approaches by individualists and socialist have led to different positions in analyzing this issue.By using descriptive-analytic approach, this article tries to explain the opinions of Thomas Nagel, John Rawels and some of individualist feminists. And compare their idea with view point of Michael Sandel, MacIntyr and Socialism feminism Individualists stress on individual rights and freedoms. In this opinion, women's right is recognized as an equal citizens or even prior than fetal life.They prefer women freedom to other political values. Socialism believe that without moral, ethical and religious consideration in the society, assessment of abortion is impossible.Some other socialist feminists agreed with sanction of abortion in the interests of women but because of their community-oriented idea, it is not compatible with feminism values, so they decided to refuge in individualism patterns and protecting the abortion offenders with emphasizing on individual rights and freedoms.

French famous sociologist, Emile Durkheim, founded Socialism and studied ethics and religion in a sociological method. In his thought, man qua man is interactive without any identity and responsibility; he arrives at his personality through living in a group or a party and takes the position of a man. Religion, furthermore, is regarded only as a social symbol that its function is restricted in gathering people of common believes and rituals. In this way, we can argue that it is a product of society. Fundamental and metaphysical propositions will generally be of authority only in regard to popular agreement.In this paper it is argued against socialistically interpretation of ethics and religion. Agreeing with common tendencies of a group which in many cases contradicts the other tendencies, surly leads to religo-ethical pluralism and relativism without any right and permanent fundamental propositions in the field. Since every group has its own desires and demands, there cannot be found universal judgments in ethics and religion. Durkheim's lack of agreement with majority, in addition, leads to a self-contradictory and opposes Socialism.

This paper seeks to answer this question: “What is the position of justice and development in liberalism, Socialism and Islam, and what is the relation between these two factors?” After the introduction, the contents are organized under these titles: First, the position of justice in the development models of liberalism (due to diversity of perceptions, in this paper, only Rawl’s and Hayek's views have been introduced on a comparative basis). Second, justice in Socialism models (here, three forms of fictional, scientific and reformist Socialism of the relationship between justice and development have been discussed on a comparative basis). Third, justice in Islam (as an example, Motahari perspective on development and its relation to justice has been studied).In the end, conclusion has been organized in the form of a comparison table based on seven factors of the discussed three schools about justice and development.

The radical groups like ISCS are emerged in a region of the world that their political agents have no modern experience of governance. In this situation, they applied incorrect policies, and this leads to more conflict and hostility in their country and region. Although these groups use the modern concepts, they cannot act according to the modern political language. The result is a kind of naï ve and primitive Nationalism that in companion with the recent changes in the world and in the Arab region (2011) has created big challenges for all actors. In fact, in the lack of modern political organizations some of these non-governmental groups try to stablish their own political order in the region and define new border for their existence. These groups define the modernism in a reactionary form. Some researchers may consider ISIS as a new generation of previous radical Islamist group, but it seems that it roots in modernism and postcolonialism. Based on these roots it can be known as a “ reactionary modern” group. The main argumentation of this paper is based on this view that the ISIS is a modern group that emerged in modern situation and in reaction to it; so it cannot be considered as traditional movement. In a comparative method, ISIS will be studied with the example of Nazism. By outlining their differences and similarities we can reach to a better understanding of ISIS and whole Salafi group in the region.

Focusing on the thought and political action of Salama Moussa in the realm of Socialism this paper tries to evaluate the fundamental elements within the thought of above scholar. By reviewing his writings and his political attitudes it seems that the socialist Salama Mousa, adapting Fabin Socialism, had been able to form a theory of his own compatible to his bio-universal attitude. This theory formed and applauded by Egyptian political environment did actually make him against so called the Socialist Revolution. The revolution might occur when the society is forced to or deviated from its natural path. In addition, he rejects Darwinian principle of survival in society although he accepts cooperation as a factor of development. He is against atheism and also puts stamp on establishing a democratic state. Moreover, he considers the intellectuals as influential figures for change where the labor could stand in the second place. Those fundamental elements represent an appropriate conformation of his thought with the characteristics of his society.

In the deep structure of monotheistic Socialism, law and ethics do belong to the attributive, and not substantive, spheres of human existence. Although human individuals constitute the natural core of this attribution and share with it a “hermeneutic circuit”, legal and ethical dictates such as “I” and “Other” transcend into “the third zone of human attribution”. Though situated in the same setting, law and ethics differ in quality and kind. Ethics enjoys a more intrinsic and exalted state. Yet both augment each other’s dimensions within a hermeneutic circuit, or else, they confine these dimensions; a communicative mode termed as “Mutual Impact”. As for its positive aspect, when justice and legal freedoms prevail the ground is paved for ethical freedom and justice as well. Accordingly, with the expansion of domain of ethics, lawfulness also pervades which in turn reduces crimes and promotes general order. As for its negative, if laws cannot culminate in human transcendence, spread of unethical relations would let legal relations corrode.