This study presents the computational analysis of three dimensional Casson and Carreau Nanofluid flow concerning the convective conditions. To do so, the flow equations are modified to nonlinear system of ODEs after using appropriate self-similarity functions. The solution for the modified system is evaluated by numerical techniques. The results show the impacts of involving variables on flow characteristics and the outcomes of the friction factors are evaluated as well. In this study, the outcomes to local Nusselt number and Sherwood numbers are evaluated. Favourable comparison is performed with previously available outcomes. The achieved results are similar to solutions obtained by other researchers. The results are presented for flow characteristics in the case of Casson and Carreau fluids. Velocities are reduced for the growing values of permeability and velocity slip parameters in case of Casson and Carreau Nanofluids. Temperature field enhances with the hike in the estimations of thermophoresis parameter and the thermal Biot number in case of Casson and Carreau Nanofluids. Enhancing values of velocity slip parameter results in decrease in the skin friction coefficients and the rate of heat transfer, and rise in the rate of mass transfer in case of Casson and Carreau Nanofluids.

Nowadays, Because of the sharp decline in fossil resources, producing power by renewable energy is growing rapidly. Photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the most popular ways for generating electricity. In hot days of year, which the maximum irradiation of sun is available, because of high cell temperature, the efficiency of PV cells is falls down. In this paper, in order to decrease the temperature of PV cells, the use of carbon Nano fluid for cooling the PV panel is investigated. The results show that after 4. 5 hours of beginning the test, the temperature of PV panel with carbon Nano fluid cooling is fixed at 32° C, while the temperature of conventional panel is about 83° C. This temperature difference improved average efficiency around 5. 75%. Moreover, in this study, calculation of output power of a 10-KW PV power plant, with and without cooling is performed.

In the present article Williamson Nano fluid flow over a continuously moving surface is discussed when the surface is heated due to the presence of hot fluid under it. Governing equations have been developed and simplified using the suitable transformations. Mathematical analysis of various physical parameters is presented and the percentage heat transfer enhancement is discussed due to variation of these parameters. We employed Optimal homotopy analysis method to obtain the solution. It is presented that initial guess optimization will provide us one more degree of freedom to obtain the convergent and better solutions.

force convection heat transfer of turbulent Nano fluid flow in 90 and 60 degree elbow is simulated by using FLUENT. Single phase model has been implemented to study such a flow field and standard k-e model is employed. The considered Nanofluids are mixtures of Al2O3 Nanoparticles and water as the base fluid. Simulation effect of Reynolds number and Nano concentration on Nusselt number and friction coefficient have been presented and discussed. The computed results are compared with previously published data for a base fluid (0% Nano concentration) and good agreement between the results is observed. It is seen that by increasing Reynolds number and Nano concentration, heat transfer increase and friction coefficient decrease. Heat transfer in 90 and 60 degree elbow is compared and result shows by increasing the angle, heat transfer will decrease.

In this paper, the important characteristics of solidification including supercoiling degree, solidification time, nucleation temperature, phase change temperature which effect on efficiency are experimentally studied. A purposely designed experimental device was used to investigate the solidification characteristics of titania Nano fluid (0.01%wt. 0.02% wt. and 0.04%wt.). The results clearly reveal that adding titania Nanoparticles to Deionized water as a base fluid can reduce the time of solidification, phase change temperature and supercoiling degree. By adding 0.04% wt. titania Nanoparticles, the solidification time, phase change temperature and supercoiling degree are reduced by 70%, 18%, 69% while nucleation temperature is enhanced by 29%. Thus, the time of solidification is more affected by adding Nanoparticles than other solidification characteristics. Further, the experimental results show that Nano fluid heat flux is higher than that of base fluid. Also, a comparison of Fuzzy logic modeling and experimental results for liquid fraction is studied. The results reveal that the fuzzy logic modeling is a reliable and powerful technique for predicting the liquid transient fraction. From the results it is also concluded that extremely low concentration of titania has low average error.

Introduction: Use of an adhesive with a suitable composite resin is an important factor in tooth-colored restorations and increasing marginal sealing ability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of various adhesives with composite resins using fluid filtration and dye extraction techniques and assessment of the correlation between these two techniques.Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, class II cavities were prepared on the proximal surfaces of 48 extracted sound human premolar teeth, measuring 1.5±0.5 mm in gingival width, 4 mm in occluso-gingival height and 1.3 of the inter-cuspal distance in width. The samples were divided into four groups (n=12). Group 1; OptiBond Solo Plus adhesive/Herculite XRV composite resin; Group 2: OptiBond Solo Plus adhesive/Master Dent composite resin; Group 3: Prime & Bond NT adhesive/Herculite XRV composite resin; Group 4: Prime & Bond NT adhesive/Master Dent composite resin. Microleakage was assessed primarily by fluid filtration and then by dye extraction techniques. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests, with Bonferroni correction and Spearman's rho correlation test at 95% confidence interval.Results: The minimum and maximum mean microleakage values were recorded in fluid filtration and dye extraction techniques groups 1 and 4, respectively. There were significant differences between the experimental groups in microleakage with the two methods of leakage assessment (p value=0.001). Spearman's rho revealed a strongly direct correlation between the two methods (r=0.797, p value=0.000).Conclusion: In both methods of microleakage assessment, use of ethanol-based in comparison to acetone-based adhesive resulted in microleakage reduction. Application of light-cured composite resin contrary to self-cured composite resin with both types of adhesives increased marginal sealing ability.

Drilling fluids are an essential component of the rotary drilling process used to drill for oil and gas on land and offshore environments. The injection of this Nano particle into drilling fluid increases the viscosity levels fluids. In these experiments, the rheological properties of the fluid including apparent viscosity (AV), plastic viscosity (PV), yielding point (YP), mud cake thickness and fluid loss (FL) were studied before and after the addition of the Nanoclay with different concentrations. In this study, Nano particles of clay were used in order to enhance the rheological properties of drilling fluids. The results showed Nanoclay controls the fluid loss and is resistant to high temperatures and also fluid loss. We also found that Nanoparticles varying in concentration (0.1 to 1 Wt %) and also size 1, 50 and 500 nm are shown to be effective at improving fluid rheology.

A thermosyphon is an efficient heat transfer device, which transports heat using gravity for the evaporation and condensation of the working fluid. In the present study the Box-Benhnken (BBD) design approach was chosen for the Two-Phase Closed Thermosyphon (TPCT) with CeO2 Nanofluid using 0. 1% volume of Nanofluid with surfactant of ethylene glycol. The experiment resulted in identifying the optimised set of parameters for 405SS TPCT, to achieve lower thermal resistance and better heat transfer. This work gains significance in the sense that with the number of experiments, reliable model has been generated validated and further, the process has been optimised with one objective which is thermal resistance. To obtain the optimum condition, the response surface methodology (RSM) through Box – Behnken (BBD) was applied.

This study presents a computational investigation on heat and flow behaviors between non parallel plateswith the influence of a transverse magnetic field when the medium is filled with solid Nanoparticles. The nonlineargoverning equations are treated analytically via Differential Transform Method (DTM). Thereafter, obtained DTMresults are validate with the help of numerical fourth order Runge-Kutta (RK4) solution. The main aim of this researchwork is to analyze the influence of varying physical parameters, in particular Reynolds number, Nanofluid volumefraction, and Hartmann number. It was found that the presence of solid Nanoparticles in a water base liquid has anotable effect on the heat transfer improvement within convergent-divergent channels. The comparison of DTMresults with numerical RK4 solution also shows the validity of the analytical DTM technique. In fact, resultsdemonstrate that the DTM data match perfectly with numerical ones and those available in literature.

An investigation has been carried out to study the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of MWCNT-Base oil Nano-fluid flow inside horizontal rectangular channels under constant wall temperature. The effect of different parameters such as mass velocity, aspect ratio of rectangular channels and Nanoparticles concentration on heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of the flow is studied. Observations show that the numbers of Graz higher with increasing concentration of Nanoparticles in oil, the increase is much higher heat transfer switch. And also shows that the pressure drop depends on the amount of Nanoparticles and aspect ratio tube. By increasing the aspect ratio tube, the convective heat transfer coefficient increases very well.