This article introduces, analyzes, and criticizes the work of Lawrence M. Hinman, Ethics: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral THEORY. Hinman is a Philosopher of Ethics in the multimedia learning. He believes that multiculturalism is important factor of nowadays so the most important responsibility of philosophers of Ethics is prevention of moral conflict. The global communication and information in 21st century needs global tolerance and respect of various nations, cultures, and moralities together because different people and societies have a common human nature and common natural rights that obligate to justice and moral relationship between different people and various societies’ beliefs throughout the world. Moral communication in multiculturalism approach is against racial, gender, national, and ethnic prejudice. Hinman believes in moral dialogue and global learning across different cultures. The book of Ethics: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral THEORY has a proper category of new ethical problems, and the candid standpoint of author is considerable. He has a logical method, and in the end of every part of book there are some questions for evaluation of students learning. So this book is proper for the philosophy of ethics in universities.

The present study is an applied research and its purpose is to assess the present states of NURTURING roles of elementary school teachers in Tehran. The statistical population of this descriptivesurvey study consists of all primary school teachers in Tehran was 20968 people, from among whom, according to Morgan table, 376 teachers were selected as the sample. A researcher-made questionnaire in four main dimensions and 16 components (1-teacher selfnurture, with three components: 2-NURTURING of the mind with four components; 3-NURTURING of social with five components; 4-NURTURING of emotional-behavioral with four components) as teacher NURTURING roles were used. To analyse data, descriptive (e. g. mean and standard deviation) and inferential (i. e. univariate t-test) statistics were used. To check the normal distribution of the data, kurtosis and skewness were used. Based on univariate t-test results with a criterion of 3, the findings showed that in six categories (ethical-behavioral with an average of 4. 06, cognitive development with 3. 27, interpersonal and communication skills with 3. 56, commitment and responsibility with 3. 38, respect and observance of laws with 3. 47, self-regulation with 3. 23) the current situation is above the average of the criterion and in the other ten categories (knowledge-scientific-research with an average of 2. 61, skill-ability with 2. 68, metacognitive development with 2. 65, selfawareness with 2. 37, creating healthy mental habits with 2. 69, solving interpersonal problems with 2. 49, tolerance of ambiguity and resilience with 2. 59, emotion management and emotion control with 2. 51, self-control with 2. 59, empathy and vision with 2. 56) the current situation needs measures to improve, especially in the two dimensions of mind development and emotionalbehavioral nurture. Finally, the results showed that NURTURING in schools is not used in the true meaning and the neglect of the element of nurture is evident in the country's education system.

Ashura was a very important event that occurred shortly after the prophet's life and became Regarding Muslims’ belief in the afterlife and apocalypse, coming to know the objectives and methods of education in Islam seems to be one of the undeniable necessities in leading people to the salvation path. And this is because without a sound knowledge of the objectives and methods of education in Islam there is a possibility of individual’s being misled in the winding maze of material world. This is why God has showed his best way to salvation by sending prophets. Setting goals and necessary methods to each salvation reduces waste of time, anxiety and confusion, and the individual gets close to his or her final perfection which is God’s satisfaction. In this article, which has been carried out by library method, it has been attempted to state Islam’s objective of education in various levels. Regarding the results of the research the objectives of education in Islam have various levels The ultimate goals (obedience, God's nearness and pleasure and pure life) and intermediate goals (focus attention on God, Person, Others and nature) all of which have been designed to reach the ultimate goals. Also Islamic education (Fields of education, integration of science and practice, modeling, discussion, attention to individual differences, rational, view, Enjoining to good and Prohibition from evil, reward or Punishment, habits, stage and revise the assignments) is dependent on temporal, spatial and individual different situations.

The increasing advances in technology and the emergence of new communication technologies such as social networking websites facilitate the process of knowledge sharing by exploiting the knowledge repositories. Indeed, knowledge is a resource that its value is not only diminished by use but also is increased. The purpose of the current study is to develop a paradigmatic model for knowledge sharing in social networks by utilizing the grounded THEORY method and qualitative approach. Research question was as follows: what is the appropriate model of knowledge sharing in social networks from Iranian information science specialists' point of view? Accordingly, statistical population was comprised of information science specialists across the country. Theoretical sampling led to a sample size of 15 operating in three different fields, and data gathering tool was structured interviews. We used open coding, axial coding, and selective coding in order to export concepts and categories from interviews. Based on grounded THEORY, research results were provided in the form of a paradigmatic model which encompasses theoretic features and is capable of predicting the executive process steps.

Aim: The aim of this study was to design a model to nurture enthusiastic employees in the Iranian public sector. Methods: The research method included meta-synthesis, survey and fuzzy expert system. Corpus of the study in meta-synthesis was 158 academic papers. In the survey, the statistical population was 1039 employees from West Azerbaijan province's three general directorates and in mathematical modeling, the population included 20 employees. Sampling in meta-synthesis was conducted by selecting 65 articles from among 158 papers published in prestigious Iranian and foreign English journals between years 2010 and 2016; in survey method selecting 60 subjects from among all employees and in mathematical modeling selecting 20 employees to complement the research tool. To determine the scale validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted and the convergent validity was calculated via computing correlations through a 56-item questionnaire approved by experts in the spring of 2017. In order to determine internal reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and retest reliability coefficient were calculated and after eliminating six incomplete questionnaires and three missing data, 281 subjects were analyzed. Findings: Results revealed that total path coefficient between Iranian-Islamic culture and psychological moods (β =0. 375, P=0. 001), and the indirect path coefficient between components of job conditions (β =0. 125, P=0. 001), personal (β =0. 134, P=0. 01) and organizational conditions (β =0. 231, P=0. 002) were positive and significant with employees' enthusiasm variable. Conclusion: Since the target population, confirmed the dimensions, components and indices extracted from metasynthesis, considering indices with higher factor weight in employees’ enthusiasm, could expand their psychological capacities.

Today`s society needs to train creative children to do political, economic and social activities. Because children make up the most sensitive and influential age group of society, which plays a significant role in the revitalization of each generation, it is not possible to promote the human society, regardless of developing children and their minds. They need sensory stimuli for their mental development, and it can be possible by relating to the outside world. One of the cases of mental growth, is creativity which its source of creativity should be found in the experiences of childhood. From the researchers’ point of view, the best time for this progress is the particular age of childhood, the most important of which is the pre-school age; because the child goes through this period of his life in an incredibly creative way while He deals with the revelation what is new to him. Therefore, these years of creativity cannot be ignored, and since children in this age group devote more time to play, particular play environments must be designed to foster their creativity. So, one of the factors of NURTURING the creativity is to provide suitable environment for play. In this respect, children`s relationship with play environment and the conditions during play can help them to promote their creativity. In this field, researchers have paid attention to play and its effects on children, but a few studies have turned to play environment and its effect on creativity formation. Therefore, this research aims to attain the principles of designing play spaces for pre-school children focusing the environmental affordance on children`s mind and behaviors to promote the creativity. Cognition of the child is an effective help in providing solutions for this. Therefore, it is necessary to define the child from the viewpoint of researchers. The child is the product of the interaction of nature-education, inheritance-environment and nature-experience. In other words, the child is a system of “ nature and environment” or “ education and experience” . With such a vision, it becomes clear that nature and the environment can have an inevitable impact on children and provide the grounds for intellectual growth and creativity in them. Creation of the landscape in the natural environment and the presence of plants in the spaces affect the creativity and creativity process. After recognizing the child, the concept of creativity is discussed. Important components of creativity include curiosity, imagination and play. Also, the dynamic interaction of the child, the search and discovery of environmental capabilities, will require his active participation in the shaping and exploitation of the environment. Today psychologists have realized the impact of architectural space on the behavior of children, and the environment can empower children under the age of six to recognize social relationships. In addition, children are more likely to be affected by the environment over the years and are naturally curious about their surroundings. This study is an attempt to apply the principles of design that can provide a platform for better intellectual growth and creativity in the playgrounds of pre-school children by enhancing motivation, imagination and curiosity. Therefore, considering the broadness of the subject, a definition of creativity is first presented, then the factors discussed above will be discussed along with related theories. Initially a comprehensive definition of creativity and its application in architectural designs in terms of creativity is expressed. Having introduced the children`s growth in the preschool period, we review the nature and children`s creativity relationship. In addition to nature which plays the most important role in growth of creativity in playgrounds, we pay attention to other factors influencing the playgrounds and basic criteria to design suitably for prosperity of children`s creativity. These factors include: Accessibility and Freedom of Action, the attractiveness and the sudden variation of space, comfort and safety, simplicity and readability, complexity and space-discovery, visual details, flexibility (the space for different plays and walls and movable furniture), The shape and extent of the spaces (for more communication between children), the use of children’ s works in the design of the interior, The presence of high and bright spray paints (creating a happy and stimulating space) And natural light. Therefore, it seems that children’ s play environment should have the ability to turn into stimuli to create imaginative and curious motivations, and as these stimulatory effects are controlled, it influences on children’ s creativity. Regarding different researchers in this field, there are suggested some strategies to design playground for children`s creativity. To clarify the issue, we have chosen five case studies of children`s centers in Tehran randomly and the results are analyzed. The method was library-based and content analysis regarding theoretical foundation of environmental psychology, psychology and architectural design.