Background: Schizophrenia is one of the most important and disabling mental disorders in the world. Males and females are equally affected. Diagnosis is a very difficult problem in this disorder. Because the diagnostic systems such as ICD-IO and DSM-IV are mainly subjective, they are not valid and reliable. Essentially, in the future, we will need to more objective criteria in psychiatry especially in diagnosis of schizophrenia. NEUROLOGICAL soft signs are an example of these objective criteria. In this study we evaluated the prevalence of NEUROLOGICAL soft signs in schizophrenic patients and compared it with the prevalence of these signs in other psychotic patients (except mood disorders with psychotic features) and normal subjects. Methods: We compared the NEUROLOGICAL soft signs (sensory motor integration, motor. Coordination, consequent complex motor acts, primary reflexes, and eye movements) in 30 schizophrenic patients, 30 other psychotic patients (other than mood disorders with psychotic features) and 30 normal subjects. Diagnosis of schizophrenia and also other psychoses were based on DSM-IN criteria. Normal subjects have been selected form the staff of Roozbeh hospital randomly. Results: The difference between the means of motor coordination subscale of NEUROLOGICAL soft signs in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders (other than mood disorders with psychotic features) were significant (P value<0.04). There were no significant differences between the means of other subscales of NEUROLOGICAL soft signs in two groups of patients. Conclusion: There are some disturbances of motor coordination subscale of NEUROLOGICAL soft signs in patients with schizophrenia. It seems that, these disturbances are evidence of involvements of basal ganglia, motor cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. So it may be suggested that motor coordination as a marker can be used in differentiation between the schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.

Introduction: Traumatic thoracic spondyloptosis is caused by high energy trauma and is usually associated with severe NEUROLOGICAL DEFICIT. Cases presenting without any NEUROLOGICAL DEFICIT can be difficult to diagnose and manage.Case Presentation: We reported a four-week spondyloptosis of the ninth thoracic vertebra over the tenth thoracic vertebra, in a 20-year-old male without any NEUROLOGICAL DEFICIT. The patient had associated chest injuries. The spine injury was managed surgically with in-situ posterior instrumentation and fusion. The patient tolerated the operation well and postoperatively there was no NEUROLOGICAL deterioration or surgical complication.Conclusions: Patients presenting with spondyloptosis with no NEUROLOGICAL DEFICIT can be managed with in-situ fusion via pedicle screws, especially when presenting late and with minimal kyphosis.

Bacterial meningitis is an important disease world wide and if remains undiagnosed and not treated in time is associated with irreversible and serious complications and a high morbidity and mortality. This retrospective study was conducted on 90 patients who met the criteria of acute bacterial meningitis and who were admitted at the pediatric Medical center and lmam khomeini Hospitals between 1999-2000 . According to this survey, the important factors affecting the prognosis at discharge included age less than 12 weeks, no response to antibiotics 72 years after initiation of treatment, altered consciousness at the time of admission, focal NEUROLOGICAL symptoms and a change in antibiotic regimen. No correlation was found between prognosis and other variables such as sex, antibiotic consumption before admission, duration of symptoms from their onset till the time of admission and the presence of other indices such as fever, seizures, meningism and use of corticosteroids in the treatment regimen.The overall mortality rate in our study was 10% and the incidence of complications on discharge as 13.3%. In conclusion, on the basis of the results obtained, despite the use of advanced supportive systems for these patients and also modern broad spectrum antibiotics and appropriate diagnostic methods, no obvious change in factors affecting prognosis compared to two decades back has been seen. Likewise because of the absence of follow up of patients following discharge, it appears that further teaching is needed about this disease among students and residents besides creating specific centers to prevent this disease.

Stroke, cerebral ischemia, is the third largest cause of death and one of major causes of long-term disability in modem and development countries. Unfortunately, despite considerable efforts, no specific clinical treatment is approved for the cure of stroke. Therefore, the search for cure as well as understanding of the pathophysiology of stroke requires reliable and; valid experimental models. Currently, several animal models of cerebral ischemia have been developed to evaluate potential therapies for ischemic stroke. Experimental models of cerebral ischemia are divided into global and focal cerebral ischemia. Focal cerebral ischemia is induced by occlusion of middle cerebral artery via craniotomy or embolic, while global ischemia induced by occlusion major nutrients arteries of brain and cardiac arrest. In summary, we discuss the most important animal models of focal and global brain ischemia in the present review article.

Background: Stroke is one of the most frequent causes of death and disability worldwide and has significant clinical and socioeconomic impact. Hyperlipidemia and inflammation play major roles in atherothrombosis and in stroke. This study is conducted to compare the high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels and the lipid profile parameters between stroke patients and control group and demonstrate correlation between markers, NEUROLOGICAL DEFICIT, and short-term outcome.Methods: We have studied a total 162 patients according to inclusion criteria. Serum level of hs-CRP and lipid profile estimated and correlated with NEUROLOGICAL DEFICIT and short-term outcome.Results: We found stroke patients had significantly higher levels of hs-CRP, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) than control. When we compared ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke (HS), data show increased level of triglyceride, LDL and HDL, and decreased the level of hs-CRP in ischemic stroke group than HS group. However, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score significantly higher in HS as compared to ischemic stroke at the time of admission and on the 7th day.Conclusion: Thus, continuous clinical observation is necessary for clear differentiation of those changes. Furthermore, the determination of some reliable soluble markers of neuronal damage in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in the early infarction period would be much easier and more useful for tracking the course and prognosis of the disease and for any appropriate therapeutic approach.

Aim and Background: So far, several therapeutic approaches, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have been used for patients with Attention DEFICIT Hyperactivity Disorder and researchers are trying to determine the effectiveness of each of these approaches. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of drug therapy, neural feedback and integrated psychological interventions (parent education, play therapy and cognitive education) on behavioral problems of ADHD children. Methods and Materials: The research method was quasi-experimental and the pre-test-post-test-follow-up and control group design. The statistical population included all children aged 9 to 12 years in Hamedan. Sampling method was Purposive. The psychotherapy group received medication daily for 12 weeks. The neural feedback group received 24 sessions of 45 minutes twice a week. The group of integrated psychological interventions received training for 24 sessions. Participants were assessed using the Rutter form Behavioral Problems Self-Report Scale. Multivariate analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Findings: The results showed that combined psychological interventions were more effective in the behavioral problems variable and all its components compared to drug therapy and NEUROLOGICAL feedback, which was also significant in the quarterly follow-up (p≤ 0. 001). Conclusions: It seems that integrated psychological interventions can be an effective and lasting treatment for behavioral problems in children with ADHD and can replace other therapeutic approaches such as medication and NEUROLOGICAL feedback.

Introduction: Attention DEFICIT Hyperactivity Disorder causes a defect in psychological nerve function. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the effect of training mental rehabilitation techniques on the psychological nerve function in children with attention DEFICIT hyperactivity disorder. Materials and Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental with a pretest/posttest and a control group. The statistical population included all students with Attention DEFICIT Hyperactivity Disorder aged 7-9 in 2020 referred to the Education Counseling Clinic of District 1 of Gorgan. Later, 30 children were selected by the available method and were randomly assigned to two groups. The children's symptom inventory and the Wisconsin Card Classification Test were used. On children in the test group, the intervention program was performed in 8 sessions of 1 hour per week. No intervention was performed for the control group. Univar ate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the collected data. Results: The results showed that mean and standard deviation of the pretest and posttest of the test group were 22. 84± 2. 58 and 29. 45± 3. 69, and also mean and standard deviation of the pretest and posttest of the control group were 22. 71± 2. 41 and 22. 94± 2. 77. Further, training of mental rehabilitation techniques affected the psychological nerve function of children with Attention DEFICIT Hyperactivity Disorder (p<0. 001). Conclusion: Due to the effectiveness of training mental retraining techniques on improving the psychological nerve function, this method can be used as an effective treatment by therapists to improve the NEUROLOGICAL function of children with Attention DEFICIT Hyperactivity Disorder.