The NEUROGENESIS can occur in two regions of the adult mammalian brain throughout the lifespan: the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle. The proliferation and maturation of neural progenitor cells are tightly regulated through intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The integration of maturated cells into the circuitry of the adult hippocampus emphasizes the importance of adult hippocampal NEUROGENESIS in learning and memory. There is a large body of evidence demonstrating that alteration in the NEUROGENESIS process in the adult hippocampus results in an early event in the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD condition, the number and maturation of neurons declines progressively in the hippocampus. Innovative therapies are required to modulate brain homeostasis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold an immense potential to regulate the NEUROGENESIS process, and are currently tested in some brain-related disorders, such as AD. Therefore, the aim of this review is to discuss the use of MSCs to regulate endogenous adult NEUROGENESIS and their significant impact on future strategies for the treatment of AD.

Neuroplasticity is defined as adaptive changes in the sub-structures of synapses. Neuroplasticity is an important capability of the brain to respond to new stress. Stress can range from environmental changes to organic damages. NEUROGENESIS defined as the generation of new neurons in some parts of brain regions, especially the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and sub-ventricular zone, can be considered as neuroplasticity. NEUROGENESIS facilitates the brain’ s adaptive response to new stress by integrating new neurons into related areas. In this review, we recall some aspects of NEUROGENESIS that may be considered as neuroplasticity. . .

Introduction: Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders in the community; affected of about one-eighth of the world’s populations. These disorders are an important area of research for psychiatrics. NEUROGENESIS plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of mood and anxiety disorders. NEUROGENESIS is the process which occurs in the adult mammals’ brains and provides the potential for brain repair. Therefore, we might gain a better understanding about the pathophysiology and treatment of anxiety disorders through study of the relationship between NEUROGENESIS and anxiety disorders.Conclusion: There is a direct relationship between NEUROGENESIS and anxiety disorders. Reduction of NEUROGENESIS leads to development or enhancement of anxiety disorders. The type of examined animals may influence the NEUROGENESIS and its effect on anxiety disorders. Several internal and external factors play important roles in reduction of NEUROGENESIS and affect the cell behaviors, especially on neurons. Stem cell therapy might be used as a strategy for treatment of anxiety disorders in the future.

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among the elderly. Its pathohistological characteristics are the accumulation of extracellular β-amyloid protein and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. This neurodegenerative disorder is assumed to start with synaptic dysfunction and chronic loss of neuronal cells. Researchers believe that NEUROGENESIS appears in adulthood; therefore، replacement of the lost neurons can represent a therapeutic approach for the management and improvement of AD. The developing field of stem cell biology offers great therapeutic potential for chronic neurological conditions such as AD، particularly if joined with a multitargeted therapeutic approach. It has been shown that enriched environment positively affects patients' cognitive behaviors through various mechanisms، including modulation of NEUROGENESIS. Conclusion: The current advancements in NEUROGENESIS، stem cells therapies، and environmental enrichment in AD are reviewed in this article، and the potential barriers to the use of these treatments for AD patients are discussed.