Cutaneous fungal infections are the fourth most common health problem, which involves approximately one billion people worldwide. Drug delivery to the skin seems to be the best choice for superficial fungal infections. Topical formulations can release a sufficient amount of drug in therapeutical concentrations and permeate higher layers of the skin like the stratum corneum. As the outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum prevents the drug from penetrating the skin. Liposomes, especially nanosized as topical drug delivery systems to the skin, can show various functions depending on their size, lipids and cholesterol components, the percent of ingredients, lamellarity, and surface charge. NANOLIPOSOMEs can increase permeation through the stratum corneum, decrease systemic effects with their localizing actions, and overcome many dermal drug delivery obstacles. Antifungal drugs, such as croconazole, econazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, terbinafine hydrochloride, tolnaftate, and miconazole entrapped in liposomes have indicated improved skin penetration and localizing effects. According to the literature review summarized in this paper, many studies have identified liposomes as a powerful carrier for topical antifungal drug delivery to the skin. However, a few studies introduced new generations of liposomes like ethosomes and transfersomes. This paper was conducted on almost all liposomal studies of antifungal drugs with dermal application.

Introduction: Oral insulin is the most familiar and easiest way of prescribing insulin. Thus, the aim of this study was to produce newly formulated Chitosan-coated insulin NANOLIPOSOMEs as well as evaluate their potential efficacy for delivery in the condition of in vitro.Materials and Methods: NANOLIPOSOMEs encapsulating insulin with negative surface charge were produced using the method of reverse phase evaporation Lecithin, cholesterol, cetyl-diphosphate and β-cyclodexterin were used for producing NANOLIPOSOMEs. Then, NANOLIPOSOMEs were coated with Chitosan solution using  incubation. Having been dissolved, the NANOLIPOSOMEs were evaluated for encapsulation efficiency using the technique of spectrophotometry. Using incubation method, the destructive effect of Peptic and tryptic on the insulin containing nano capsules was determined and compared to their effect on free insulin.Results: Insulin entrapment efficacy for the newly-formulated NANOLIPOSOMEs was significantly (p<0.05) higher (79±0.16) than that of the other formulations. In all conditions, the insulin contained in Chitosan–coated NANOLIPOSOMEs was highly protected from digestive effect of peptic and tryptic as compared to the uncoated NANOLIPOSOMEs which did not protect the insulin from digestion.Conclusion: The results clearly suggest that the produced NANOLIPOSOMEs may be considered as an appropriate alternative for the purpose of oral insulin delivery.

Encapsulation of hydrophobic nutraceutical compounds such as essential fatty acids in nanocarriers is an effective method for enrichment of low fat products and target delivery of them. In this research production of nano-liposome containing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA ) by thin layer hydration – sonication method and then adding it to low-fat pasteurized milk, have been discussed. Nano liposome containing CLA were prepared by using 50-10 mg lecithin-cholestrol and the size of the particles was 76 nm with a distribution of 0. 77. The produced NANOLIPOSOME was stable over storage time (30 days) and particles were in nanoscale size. Zeta potential values of particles were negative of NANOLIPOSOMEs and increasing the time had significant effect on reducing the zeta potential of the samples. NANOLIPOSOME was not opacity, but the increase in the percentage of cholesterol increased the sample turbidity. With the encapsulation of CLA in the NANOLIPOSOME, it was protected against oxidation and secondary oxidation products (malondialdehyde). The use of NANOLIPOSOMEs was effective in maintaining the CLA against the heat treatment (pasteurization) in low-fat milk during storage. With the inference of the results, it can be used to enrich low-fat products by NANOLIPOSOME system in the further protection of CLA against environmental conditions.

Background: Creating a new berberine liposome with high encapsulation efficiency and slow release formulation in the treatment of cancer is a new issue. Therefore, the aim of current study was to develop slow release berberinecontaining NANOLIPOSOME for delivery to bone cancer cells Saos2. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, after synthesis nanoliposomal formulation, physical parameters, including size, zeta potential, and drug loading, in liposome were assessed using different techniques. Saos2 cell line was incubated in micro-plates containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) and FBS at 37˚ C and 5% CO2. Cytotoxicity of NANOLIPOSOME was assessed using MTT assay. The release of drug from NANOLIPOSOME was assessed by dialysis method. P< 0. 05 was assumed significant. Results: The size of drug-free NANOLIPOSOME and drug NANOLIPOSOME (berberine-NANOLIPOSOME) was 112. 1 and 114. 9 nm, respectively. The zeta potential of drug-free NANOLIPOSOME and drug-NANOLIPOSOME was – 16. 1 and – 1. 9 mv, respectively. There was no significant difference between control and drug-free NANOLIPOSOME groups regarding viability (p>0. 05). The viability of cells in different concentration of NANOLIPOSOME containing berberines in Saos2 cell line was significantly higher than that in free berberines (p<0. 05). The release of berberine at temperature 37 º C and pH 7. 4 showed that approximately 47% of the drug was released in the first 12 hours of study and then the slow release of drug was continued. IC50 value of free berberine and berberine containing NANOLIPOSOME was 137. 3 and 52. 2 μ g / ml, respectively. Conclusion: According to these findings, IC50 value of free berberine was 2. 67 times more than berberine containing NANOLIPOSOME, indicating that NANOLIPOSOME containing berberine had more inhibition on growth of cancer cells than free berberine. In addition, the drug release was slow exposing the drug to the tumor for longer time at a lower dose and fewer injections, increasing the effect of the drug on cancer cells.

Beta-carotene is one of the most important types of functional compounds, antioxidant and precursor of vitamin A which can be find in plant based products. The enrichment of food with beta carotene is difficult due to its hydrophobic nature and low stability. The encapsulation of b- carotene in a lipid carrier such as liposome is a method which potentially can reduce these problems. In this research, the ß-carotene bearing liposomal system prepared using modified thermal method and Gama-oryzanol, as a phytosterols, was used to increase the stability of the liposome structure. Intending to ensure the capsulation of beta carotene in liposomes, functional groups and possible interaction between beta-carotene and lecithin was examined by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and peaks of 980 and 1580 cm-1 corresponding to the functional b- carotene, were observed in liposomes. Not only the particle size was obtained around 64 nm at different ratio of lecithin to b-carotene, but also it was below 500 nm during 30 days of storage time. Encapsulation efficiency of b-carotene at high concentrations of lecithin was % 77.25 and it declined to the %69.73 during storage. Using Gama-oryzanol in b-carotene bearing liposome increased the stability of particle size and encapsulation during the storage period.

NANOLIPOSOMEs are one of the most important polar lipid-based nanocarriers which can be used for encapsulation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic active compounds. In this research, NANOLIPOSOMEs based on lecithin- polyethylene glycol-gamma oryzanol were prepared by using a modified thermal method. Only one melting peak in DSC curve of gamma oryzanol bearing liposomes was observed which could be attributed to co-crystallization of both compounds. The addition of gamma oryzanol, caused to reduce the melting point of 5% (w/v) lecithin-based liposome from 207°C to 163.2°C. At high level of lecithin, increasing of liposome particle size (storage at 4°C for two months) was more obvious and particle size increased from 61 and 113 to 283 and 384 nanometers, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency of gamma oryzanol increased from 60% to 84.3% with increasing lecithin content. The encapsulation stability of oryzanol in liposome was determined at different concentrations of lecithin 3, 5, 10, 20% (w/v) and different storage times (1, 7, 30 and 60 days). In all concentrations, the encapsulation stability slightly decreased during 30 days storage. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed relatively spherical to elliptic particles which indicated to low extent of particles coalescence. The oscillatory rheometry showed that the loss modulus of liposomes were higher than storage modulus and more liquid-like behavior than solid- like behavior. The samples storage at 25oC for one month, showed higher viscoelastic parameters than those having been stored at 4oC which were attributed to higher membrane fluidity at 25oC and their final coalescence.

Background and objective In recent decade, developing natural biodegradable films carrying bio active material extracted from cheap agricultural wastes have fostered many attentions. This is due to increasing economic and environmental and health conservations. The purpose of this study first, is the production of an active biodegradable film based on chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose and second, is the investigation of two different ways of incorporating NANOLIPOSOMEs loaded with Pistachio green hall extract into the film on its physico-mechanical, chemical, antioxidant capacity and release properties. Materials and methods Phenolic component of Pistachio green hall were extracted and purified and encapsulated into NANOLIPOSOMEs. 10 film samples based on chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose and glycerol as plasticizer incorporated with 0, 1, 1. 5, %2 w/w layered and dispersed NANOLIPOSOME carrying 1000 ppm PGHE were developed. Total phenol content of PGHE, liposome dimension, loading efficiency, and mechanical resistance, optical property, antioxidant capacity and release property of extract of film samples were studied. Also FTIR analysis of the film samples was studied to search about probable interactions among film ingredients and liposomes. Results All film samples showed desirable mechanical properties. However, film samples with 1. 5 to 2% w/w liposome especially the sample containing dispersed liposomes significantly presented higher mechanical strength and the percentage of elongation. Also, the film samples with 1. 5 to 2% w/w liposome demonstrated a high and concentration dependent antioxidant potential. The FTIR studies showed the specific peaks of the blank film components, indicating no probable interactions among the film ingredients and liposomes. Also, and electrostatic interaction of chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose was detectable. The spectra of two both film samples containing liposome were similar to blank film sample, indicated no probable interactions among the film ingredients and liposomes. There was no significant difference among optical data showing that incorporating liposomes had no effect on the clarity of film samples. The release test showed the similar release kinetic between the sample with layered and the film sample incorporated with free extract. This finding cleared that antioxidant components could release without any delay and struggling with film polymer strands. Conclusion Although all prepared film samples had notable optical, mechanical and tensile strength and antioxidant features, the film samples with %2 layered liposome besides exhibiting desire physico-mechanical, optical and antioxidant activity showed more efficient release kinetic of antioxidants. So, it could be concluded that the proposed method in this research could be a promising way for developing active biodegradable films.

Background: Non-viral Nano carriers such as liposomes and cationic polymers based on engineered properties are regarded in gene delivery field. Although these carriers do not have weaknesses of viral vectors, but they are less efficient than viruses and they still need to be improved as favorable gene delivery carriers. Amongst non-viral carriers, cationic liposomes have been proposed for clinical applications, but limitations such as low nucleic acid transfer and endosome escape and conduction of plasmid to the nucleus have challenged their use in clinical trials. Therefore, the combination of liposomes and cationic polymers for nucleic acid transfer has been considered because this approach makes it possible to use the desirable properties of liposomes and polymers so that it is even suggested for the gene treatment of some diseases such as Parkinson's. In this study, a combination of liposomes and cationic polymers were used for the preparation of lipopolyplexes. This approach allows simultaneous utilizing of the desirable properties of liposomes and polymers. Methods: This interventional-experimental study was conducted in the medical faculty of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences from April 2017 to February 2018. In this study, PEI-based lipopolyplex with a molecular weight of 25 and 10 kDa and a liposome-to-polymer ratio of 1: 1 were combined with plasmid containing the GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) marker. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized carriers such as size, cytotoxicity and gene transferability in human prostate cancer (PC3) cells were evaluated. Results: The prepared lipopolyplex were 104 nm in size and all the lipopolyplexes were able to enhance transfection in the C/P=0. 4 compared with its basic carriers (PEI and liposomes) alone, while showing less cytotoxicity than not manipulated liposomes. The results of this study suggest synthesized nanoparticles as nanocomposites for gene delivery purposes to different cells and in in-body studies. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the lipopolyplex constructed from combination of PEI and liposomes can efficiently transfer the gene to the cell, while showing low cytotoxicity and appropriate size at the nano-scale. Therefore, this lipopolymer can be suggested for gene delivery purposes to different cells and in vivo targets.