In the present study a Finite Difference Method has been developed to model the transient incompressible turbulent free surface fluid Flow. A single fluid has been selected for modeling of Mold filling and The SOLA VOF 3D technique was modified to increase the accuracy of simulation of filling phenomena for shape castings. For modeling the turbulence phenomena k-e standard model was used. In order to achieve an accurate model, solving domain was discrete to three regions includes: laminar sub layer, boundary layer and internal region. This model was applied to experimental models such as a driven cavity, Campbell benchmark [1] and top filled cavity. The results show that the suggested model yield favorable predictions of turbulence Flow and have a good consistency in comparing with experimental results.

In this investigation, α 2-D Finite Volume Method (FVM) with unstructured triangular mesh is developed to simulate the mould filling process. The simulation of fluid Flow and track of free surface is based on the Marker And Cell (MAC) technique. This technique has capability of handling the arbitrary curved solid boundaries in the casting processes. In order to verify the computational results of the simulation, a thin disk plate with transparent mould was tested. The mould filling process was recorded using a 16mm high-speed camera. Images were analyzed frame by frame, in order to tracking of free surface and filling rate during mould filling. Comparison between the experimental method and the simulation results has shown a good agreement.

Background: Sensitization to common Mold allergens is one of the major causes of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Therefore, there is a critical need for standard sensitivity tests including skin prick tests to improve the stability of fungi extracts in traditional allergenic formulations. To address this concern, the present study aimed to develop a formulation to preserve allergenic activity of Mold extracts. Methods: 48 stabilizer formulations were designed and monitored for allergenic activity during a 40-days incubation period at 37 ˚ C using an ELISA. Specifically, the IgE reactivity of allergenic A. alternata extracts were examined. After establishing the most effective stabilizer formulation, we evaluated whether it could protect the allergenic activity of Alt a1, A. fumigatus, and C. herbarum using an IgE inhibition ELISA after 40 days at 37 ˚ C. Results: We demonstrated that the most effective stabilizer formulation was a glycerol-based extract containing Arg and Glu. This formulation had an equal ratio of sucrose, sorbitol and protein and was able to preserve more than 95% of allergenic A. alternata extract activity during a 40-days incubation period at 37 ˚ C. Conclusions: The present study reveals a novel formulation that is an efficient stabilizer of allergenic Mold extract activity and has practical applications in Mold skin prick tests, ELISAs, immunotherapies, and RAST.

The Mold-filling behavior in the casting of aluminum alloy (A413) using lost foam casting (LFC) was explored. The effects of gate numbers, type of gating and casting thickness on the filling behavior were evaluated. Although, unlike convectional casting process, the gating system showed little effect onfilling ability, casting thickness created a greater effect on the Mold filling. In contrast with convectional casting process, the Mold filling seems to be controlled by castinggeometry as a consequence of combined influence of heat and mass transfer. The melt used to enter from the first gate instead of last gate which is in contrast with convectional casting process.

In this study an algorithm for Mold-filling simulation with consideration of surface tension has been developed based on a SOLA VOF scheme. As the governing equations, the Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible and laminar Flows were used. We proposed a way of considering surface tension in Mold-filling simulation. The proposed scheme for surface tension was based on the continuum surface force (CSF) model; we could confirm the remarkable effectiveness of the surface tension by experiment which concluded in very positive outcome.