Purpose: To investigate the characteristics of Misleading metrics and identify the extent to which Iranian journals use such indicators. Methodology: Charctrisitcs were harvested form th eliterature. Then, 410 Iranian journals using such metrics were identified from the Misleading metrics websites. Data analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel. Findings: Sudden disappearance from the web, large number of indexed journals, ambiguous and non-scientific methodologies, lack of accurate contact information, failure to notify about the scientific and administarive staff, charging journals for the calculation of metrics and conducting the evaluation in a short period of time were common. The name and information of 410 Iranian journals were listed in the website of 23 Misleading metrics, 49 accredited by The Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (MSRT) and 101 titles accredited by The Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MHME) mentioned at-least one Misleading metric in their websites. Out of medical science journals 56% are affiliated with the medical science universities and institutions. Conclusion: Utilizing Misleading metrics negatively affect the reputation of scientific journals. That put them at the rist to be listed as as predatory journals. Editorial boards are advised to avoid being indexed in Misleading metrics and focus on reputable information and citation databases.

Background: An increase in the number of medical schools in Iran has caused a conspicuous escalation in medical research during recent years with the numbers of papers published in Iranian and international biomedical journals increasing annually. In addition to quantitative indices, the evaluation of medical research in Iran requires qualitative parameters. The aim of this study is the qualitative assessment of medical research in Iran regarding, specifically, one of its outputs; Le. papers published in international journalsand its comparison to medical research in Pakistan and Egypt.Materials and methods: Papers published in international journals from Iran, Pakistan and Egypt in 1992, 1996, 1999, and 2002 were acquired through searching in PubMed databank. To evaluate the quality of papers, we used the impact factor (IF) of journals publishingthe paper. The IF of journals was obtained through the official site of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) and the mean IF for these 3 countries was calculated separately.Results: In 1992, the numbers of indexed papers from Iran, Pakistan and Egypt were 61, 82 and 387, respectively. The mean IF of journals publishing Iranian papers was 1.13±0.94 in 1992, being 1.25±.15 for Pakistan and 1.11±1.64 for Egypt. In 2002, numbers of indexed papers from Iran, Pakistan and Egypt were 508, 229 and 668, respectively. In the same year, the mean IF of journals publishing Iranian papers was 1.36±0.98 while it was 1.75±2.88 for Pakistan and 1.23±1.57 for Egypt. The obtained results showed 733% quantitative growth of Iranian papers during the 1992-2002 period, which was noticeably higher than Egypt and Pakistan.Also, the mean IF of journals publishing Iranian papers increased from 1.13 to 1.36 during that period.Conclusion: Upgrading of the IF of journals publishing Iranian papers may indicate enhancement of the quality of those papers, i.e. Iranian research, now enhanced, is eligible for publication in journals with higher IFs. It must however be kept in mind that on the whole, the mean IF of journals could have increased during that period. The results of this investigation lead us to conclude that medical research in Iran, as compared to Pakistan and Egypt, has definitely progressed quantitatively during the years 1992-2002 and it can also be claimed, at least, that the quality of research has not declined during these years.

The current report documents the case of a 29-year-old sportsman who presented to our heart center with palpitation for evaluation with the exercise tolerance test (ETT). He had no risk factors and no known history of ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, or central nervous system disease. He had normal echocardiographic findings.

Development and expansion of uncontrolled social networks has become one of the most important concerns of families and academia as well as the religious leaders. Expanding the subject and considering the Misleading books and the orders concerning the same and their distribution in the cyberspace, studies the liability of the resenders of the concerned content. The paper employs library method in collecting the needed data and is descriptive-analytical. Distribution of the Misleading books in the media and cyberspace is punishable by itself and, therefore, the liability of the re-senders of such content are considered to be same as the main author and depends on the quantity and quality of the sent and distributed content and the intent and legal elements as well as actus reus and mens rea of the same. Therefore, all the liabilities of the original producer of the content are applied to the re-sender as well. The liability of the original producer and sender and the re-senders depend on the number of the groups and these people are responsible towards the damages incurred. Noting that not all the damages by Misleading media could be compensated for, and that the Haqq al-Nas (what is due to men in contradistinction to what is due God) are to be compensated for with the owners of the media, supposing that the owners are not known, secondary verdicts including general cultural obligations and religious enlightenment activities could be issued.

As a key element in each business strategy, commercial advertisements increase competition on the market through providing information and introducing goods and services. As a result, commercial advertisements play a vital role by transmitting information related to the products, and thereby they benefit both producers and consumers. Consequently, a modern capital economy without commercial advertisements is hardly imaginable nowadays. Nevertheless, by providing Misleading or false information and by using confusing trademarks, some commercial advertisements mislead the consumers and cause liabilities towards them and sometimes towards the competitors (usually intellectual property owners). Through a descriptive approach, the present study explains the concept and the status of Misleading commercial advertisements in the legal systems of the European Union, the United States, the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the Imamiyah Jurisprudence, and paves the way for the Iranian legislator to enact exact and effective laws in this field.

Education is among the principles highly emphasized by Islam and which different elements of teaching and learning are squarely based upon. The role of teacher and trainee as well as the educational contents are among those elements that need due attention. Among the educational contents are the false, deviating and Misleading contents. The prohibition of preserving and keeping such books has been discussed in Shiite jurisprudence in the chapters concerning forbidden acquisitions. Thus depending on the nature of the contents of what is taught, teaching and learning are included in the category of the five Islamic rules. Despite the Quran and prophetic tradition addressing this issue, some aspects of the problem including the Islamic law about teaching and learning Misleading contents have not been dealt with by scholars at length. Teaching and learning false and Misleading contents help spread those contents. Hence, one of the important issues in this connection is to examine this topic from a jurisprudential perspective. Efforts have been made, in this study, to highlight the main title and to explore and analyze the rules regarding teaching and learning Misleading contents. The aim is to throw light on the jurisprudential duty of a teacher and trainee in this regard examining the arguments presented in the jurisprudential sources. The principal and basic rule about teaching and learning Misleading contents is that they are prohibited. However, in some circumstances the prohibition is lifted and it may in rare circumstances become obligatory for some people.

Indoor air quality (IAQ) generally refers to the quality of physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air in an indoor environment. Indoor air pollution could threat people's health and on the other hand has long been recognised as a significant agent of deterioration of cultural heritage collections housed in museums, galleries, archives and library buildings. The most important gases that are sourced outdoor have long been considered to be Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Ozone (O3), Considering valuable objects kept in museums and cultural heritage buildings, and the importance of maintaining them, it is necessary to use a method with the ability to estimate the concentration of indoor pollutants and evaluate their effects on collections. In this research, attempts have been focused to survey the concentration of pollutants in two important museums in Iran, and consequently the data produced by mathematical models are compared with real measured data. impact model has been developed as a software tool for estimating the damaging levels of air pollutants concentrations inside cultural heritage buildings.