In order to study the littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris Minor) resistance to diclofop - methyl herbicide an experiment was conducted at Department of Weed Science, Plant Protection Research Institute greenhouse in 2004-2005. The type of design was completely randomized design, with four replications per treatment. Treatments included sixteen Phalaris populations treated with recommended dose of diclofop - methyl (900 gr ai/ha). In this experiment eight populations: GR13, KhR2, FR7, FR2, FR4, GR12, KhR5 and KhR3 that contain GR50 and LD50 more than 50%, showed resistancy when treated with recommended dose with diclofop - methyl. The rate of resistancy for above mentioned populations dry weight was 7.26, 8.11, 9.36, 11.18, 12.66, 16.77, 20.35 and 24.25, and for the number of survived plants was 8.65, 10, 10.82, 12.54, 14.15, 15.06, 16.14 and 20.32 respectively.

Concerning Wudu (Minor ablution), there are different views among the schools of Islamic jurisprudence. It is to be confessed that the Holy Qur’an has explicitly talked about Minor ablution. The disagreement, however, of the Qaris (those who recite the Qur’an) on how to recite the related verses, gave rise to different understandings and diverse legal fatwas on the issue. The verses of Minor ablution, according to a great number of Sunni jurists, signify one single meaning, whatever form they may be recited. Some traditions, nonetheless, are referred to as the source of some justifications brought about a considerable gap among Muslim jurists. This article attempts to re-analyze the two understandings of the law of Minor ablution and to examine the way the difference had come in order to pave the way for some common point between the two schools. The author argues that even the Sunni jurists have not shown some reliable documents or clear-cut text of traditions from the holy Prophet (PBUH) to prove washing of the feet and the converse washing of the hands. The article then concludes that if the Sunni jurists were bound by their celebrated collections of hadith and paid.

One of the common methods of river improvement and bank protection is using spur dikes. Building spur dikes makes the flow path to be modified. Concentrating the flow in the middle part of the river causes the river side not to be washed out. The new flow path makes the river bed next to the end of the spur dikes to be washed out. Usually the spur dikes are built in group because of extending the protected zone. The stability of these spur dikes against the river flow depends on stability of the first spur dike. The purpose of this laboratory research is to investigate different ways for reduction of erosion in the first spur dike. It is suggested to use a shorter (Minor) spur dike at the upstream part perpendicular to the flow direction. Aim in this research , it is intended to find the optimum distance between shorter spur dike and first spur dike in order to have minimum erosion in the first spur dike. From the hydraulics point of view, L’/L (the length of shorter spur dike to the length of first spur dike ), X/L (the distance between first spur dike and shorter spur dike to the length of first spur dike) and Froude number has been studied and results has been presented in the form of equations.

In the present article the author, with regard to some historical and literary evidence, attempts to investigate the proliferation and development of the Persian Language and Iranian Islamic culture as well in Minor Asia (present-day Turkey).

Antagonistic effect of Trichoderma harzianum ( J1 and J2 ) and Trichoderma harzianum ( J3, J4 and J5 ) isolated from the soil of sunflower field of Urmia and Khoy, respectively, and T. virens, T. harzianum (J6), T. viride (E1) and T. viride (E2) isolated from edible fungi (Agaricus bisporus) on the causal agent of crown and root rot of sunflower ( Sclerotinia Minor) were studied in vitro. In order to do so, mycoparasitism mechanisms, competitive saprophytic ability, colonization ability, inhibition ability of volatile antibiotic and non- volatile (Culture filtrate) of the given isolateson S. Minor were studied. The study indicated that all the isolates disintegrated hyphae of S. Minor through antibiosis mechanism. In competitive saprophytic ability test (by means of dual culture method), T. virens showed better effect than the other isolates. After 4 days it covered the whole colony surface and prevented from forming sclerotium. In colonization ability test, T. virens and T. harzianum (J1) on 3-day and 14-day colonies of the pathogen, respectively, performed better than the rest. T. virens coverd the whole colony surface after 4 days and prevented from forming sclerotium of S. Minor and T. harzianum (J1) covered the whole sclerotia after 5 days and destroyed them after 10 days. In volatile antibiotic test (by means of superposal petri-dishes method), T. harzianum (J1) was more effective to inhibit the mycelial growth of S. Minor by 90.42%. In nonvolatile antibiotic (Culture filtrate) effect test on inhibition of mycelial growth and myceliogenic germination of sclerotia, T. harzianum (J6) was more effective to inhibit the mycelial growth by 86.47%. It was delayed the myceliogenic germination of sclerotia of S. Minor better than the other isolates.      

The effect of plant-derived smoke extract either as smoke extract or aerosol on plant growth parameters of Sanguisorba Minor was investigated. Five concentrations of smoke extract (0.002, 0.01, 0.1, 0.2 and 1 v/v) and distilled water as control were used in the first experiment. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used for this experiment. In the second experiment, aerosol smoke and control were studied in a completely randomized design with four replications. Smoke extract, significantly affected all of the plant growth parameters (except amount of chlorophyll) in S. Minor. Smoke extract concentrations of 0.1 and 0.01 were the best treatment for growth properties in S. Minor. Results of the second experiment showed that aerosol smoke significantly improved all of the plant growth parameters (except leaves number) in S. Minor.

Sanguisorba Minor is one of the important species in plant composition of mountainous rangelands. Its cultivation in Gorgan had good results. For this reason it was necessary to study the cultivation problems of this species. Determination of seed rates and planting spaces for yielding the maximum forage yield was the main objective of this study. This research was conducted in Chalaki Station which receives about 450-600 mm rainfall annually. A split plot design with 4 replications applied. The treatments were seed rates (10,15,20 kg/ha) and planting spaces(40,60,75,100 cm). Results showed that 40 cm planting space and 15 kg seed rate produced maximum forage yield (5250 kg/ha ). The treatments had different results in 4 years of study period.