Introduction: Cefixime is an antimicrobial agent which is prescribed by many physicians. This drug has widespread reaction against various pathogens, especially gram-negative organisms. Regarding the side effects of some of these antibiotics on rat reproductive system, the aim of this study is to determine the effects of Cefixime on pituitary-gonadal hormones, gonadotropins and the morphology of adult male Mice.Materials and Methods: Eighteen male Mice (ages: 12-16 weeks; weight: 35±5 grms). were divided to three groups, including control, sham and experience. The experience group received Cefixime (0.5 grm/kg) during 10 days while the sham group received Solvent Dimethyl Solfoxide (DMSO) (7 c.c/kg). At the end of the study, titre of hormones was measured by ratio using Immuno Assay (RIA) methods. The morphological criteria of testis (volume, length, weight) were measured, too.Results: The difference of FSH hormones between the control and experience groups was significant (P<0.05). Also, DHEA hormone differences between sham & experience groups was significant (P<0.05). No significant differences were found between the groups of study in testis morphological assays and testostron.Conclusion: Regarding physiological role of sertoli cells during spermatogenesis, reduction of FSH hormone may effect on sperm production and reproductive potentials of male Mice. Significant reduction of DHEA hormone between sham and experience groups may be due to probable mistakes or the effects of Solvent drugs, DMSO.

Requiring accurate, complete and reliable data is the first step in climate studies. Incomplete data challenges climate analysis. Missing (incomplete) data is often found in meteorology. Therefore, completing the data (imputation) is the primary need for analysis. There are several ways to imputation missing data that vary depending on the data type and climatic characteristics of each region. Precipitation and temperature are the most important variables of meteorology and climatology. The length of the statistical period plays a pivotal role in the accurate analysis of these variables. The monthly temperature of three cities in Iran, including Mashhad, Bushehr and Jask, has been available in a book called World Weather Records since about 1890. This information contains missing data, especially during World War II (1941-1949). This missing data is more visible. The purpose of this study is to increase the accuracy of estimating these missing data by introducing the applied Mice method and providing a complete series of monthly temperatures over 130 years. Stations from neighboring countries were selected as independent (predictor) stations in the patterns. First, the missing monthly temperature data of these three stations were estimated by fitting regression patterns (RMSE of 0. 71 to 0. 94 ο, C). The classical regression method requires the study of basic hypotheses and pattern pathology. These patterns were also estimated by the Mice method (RMSE of 0. 39 to 0. 82 ο, C). The results of the study and implementation of this package in Rstudio show the superiority of this method. This method is designed for missing data, does not have regression problems, and has many capabilities. Therefore, it is recommended to estimate missing meteorological data.

Aim:  Physical activity is one of the most effective ways to improve cardiovascular function. The present study was performed to evaluate cardiovascular responses following high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (Mice) in inactive obese men. Methods:  In the present semi-experimental study, eight inactive obese men (age: 22.5 2 2.5 years, body mass index: 31.5 ± 1.5 kg / m2) using a randomized crossover design, participated in three HIIE, Mice and control interventions.  Blood samples were taken before, immediately and one hour after exercise to measure nitric oxide (NO) concentration. Also, heart rate and blood pressure were measured before, immediately and every 15 minutes for one hour after exercises.  Results:  No significant changes in hemodynamic factors and NO were observed in the control group. However, after HIIE and Mice protocols, a significant decrease (p <0.05) in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was observed compared to baseline conditions, which this phenomenon has persisted for a long time following HIIE. Heart rate and NO increased significantly after both protocols (p <0.05), with the increase in NO following HIIE persisting for longer. Conclusion: It seems that training intensity can be an influential factor in the development of PEH. Also, due to the longer increase in NO caused by HIIE compared to Mice, it can be considered that longer PEH after HIIE is probably related to the mechanism of NO-induced vasodilation.

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the correlation between thermodynamic parameters, ideal solubility and some pharmacokinetic parameters of the compounds.Methods: For thermodynamics analysis, 5 mg of pure drug was weighed in a aluminum pan. Thermodynamic parameters were used for determination of ideal solubility. Correlation between ideal solubility and physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters was investigated.Results: The results indicated that there is a linear correlation between ideal solubility and permeability with R=0.8. There are also meaningful correlation between ideal solubility and other physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters.Conclusion: This investigation revealed that the ideal solubility could be an appropriate parameter for prediction of drugs pharmacokinetics.

Background and Objectives: Cannabinoids produce a wide array of effects on different species and interact with different neurotransmitter systems in the brain. In the present study, the effects of histaminergic and cannabinoidregic systems as well as their interactions on anxiety-related behaviors were examined on Mice. Methods: In this study, at first Mice were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine. They were then placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Two stainless-steel cannuale were placed one mm above CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus. After that, seventeen groups of animals were tested with hole board apparatus for measuring anxiety behavior. For the statistical analysis, One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Dunnett's test were used. Results: Intra-CA1 injection of WIN55, 212-2 (0.1, 0.5mg/Mice) did not modify anxiety-related behaviors in Mice. But administration of AM251 (25 and 50ng/Mice), histamine or ranitidine (5mg/Mice) induced anxiogenic-like response. Also, co-administration of WIN55, 212-2 with histaminergic agents, decreased the anxiogenic-like response of histamine, but not that of ranitidine. Co-administration of an ineffective dose of AM251 with histaminergic drugs did not alter the response induced by these drugs. In all the experiments, locomotor activity was not significantly changed. Conclusion: These results showed that there may be a partial interaction between the cannabinoidergic and the histaminergic systems of the dorsal hippocampus on anxiety-like behaviors.

Apoptosis has a critical role in the pathogenesis of bleomycin induced-pulmonary fibrosis. The severity of fibrosis varies among different strains of Mice. Recent studies have indicated that expression of apoptotic regulatory genes may be specific in different cell types in various strains. In this study, bleomycin-induced pulmonary apoptosis in NMRI (Naval Medical Research Institute, USA) albino Mice were compared with C57BL/6 black Mice. Pulmonary fibrosis induced by single intratracheal administration of bleomycin (3 U/kg). Control Mice were instilled with the same volume of saline. After 2 weeks, fibrotic responses were studied by biochemical measurement of collagen deposition and histological examination of pathological lung changes. Apoptosis was detected and quantitated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Bleomycin significantly (P<0.05) increased lung collagen content and also induced fibrotic histological changes in both strains. Apoptosis was detected in the bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells after bleomycin instillation. TUNEL-positive alveolar epithelial cells in bleomycin-treated lungs of C57BL/6 and NMRI Mice (19.5%+2.7 and 17%+2.0, respectively) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of saline-treated lungs (1.5%+0.5) with no significant difference between two strains of Mice (P>0.05). Despite some murine strain variation in the expression of apoptotic regulatory genes in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, the results of the present study revealed no significant differences in alveolar epithelial apoptosis between NMRI and C57BL/6 black Mice. However, these results confirm the role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and suitability of both strains as experimental models of lung fibrosis.