A two-dimensional, single-phase, isothermal model has been developed for a direct Methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The model considers the anode and cathode electrochemical equations, continuity, momentum and species transport in the entire fuel cell. Then, the equations are coupled together and solved simultaneously using a commercial, Finite element based, COMSOL Multiphysics software. The crossover of Methanol is also investigated in the model. This model describes the electrochemical kinetics of Methanol oxidation at the anode catalyst layer by nonTafel kinetics. The concentration distribution of Methanol, water, and oxygen was predicted by the model. In addition, the changes of Methanol crossover and fuel utilization with current density were evaluated for different Methanol concentrations (0. 5 M, 1 M, 2 M, 4 M, and 6 M). Furthermore, it was also found that the crossover of Methanol decreases at low Methanol concentrations and high current densities. The results show that the polarization curve is in agreement with experimental data.

Methanol is a clear liquid with high toxicity. Methanol intoxication may result from accidental exposure, overconsumption of compounds containing Methanol with suicidal intent, or following consumption of distilled and contaminated alcoholic beverages. This report describes a case of transdermal Methanol intoxication, which is a rare condition. A 58-year-old woman presented with nausea, vomiting, weakness, diplopia and dizziness. On neurological examination, she only had diplopia. On physical examination, a hyperemic lesion with clear borders was found over the right knee. The patient’ s recent medical history revealed that four days prior to the onset of symptoms, she had covered her knee with a Methanol-soaked bandage in an attempt to alleviate her knee pain. She had a high osmolar gap as well as high anion-gap metabolic acidosis (HAGMA). Methanol intoxication was suspected due to HAGMA and high osmolar gap. Serum Methanol levels were subsequently measured and found to be 37. 9 mg/dL. The patient was treated with intravenous (IV) bicarbonate, IV ethyl alcohol and hemodialysis. She was discharged with no central nervous system or ophthalmologic sequelae. Methanol poisoning should be kept in mind in patients with diplopia and unexplained metabolic acidosis. Although most Methanol intoxication cases occur after oral ingestion, it should be considered that Methanol poisoning may occur transdermally.

Background: Methanol is a toxic alcohol found in illegal liquor, and its poisoning may cause death if not treated timely and properly. In 2018, Methanol toxicity in Iran increased dramatically. Regarding the high prevalence of Methanol toxicity, its high mortality rate, and the cost of treatment as well as the importance of timely diagnosis in the treatment of this condition, we decided to review Methanol toxicity, its signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Evidence Acquisition: We searched for articles on reliable databases such as Embase and Medline from January 2018 to May 2018 using the following keywords: “ Methanol, ” “ toxic alcohol, ” and “ ethanol toxicity treatment. ” Results: This review discusses how to diagnose Methanol toxicity by using clinical signs and symptoms and laboratory examinations; it also suggests new treatments. Meanwhile, we provide alternatives for diagnosis in case of shortages of tests in the emergency department. Conclusion: Diagnosis of ethanol toxicity due to non-specific signs and symptoms, late patient’ s referral, and lack of proper history-taking can be very difficult and delay the onset of treatment. There is also no clear scientific evidence as to whether ethanol or fomepizole should be used as the first choice of therapy for Methanol toxicity because there is no direct comparison between these two antidotes regarding their effectiveness and safety. The appropriate antidote is chosen depending on the availability, cost, accessibility of hemodialysis, and the physician’ s experience. If the therapist does not have enough experience, it is easier to use fomepizole.

Introduction: Methanol is a highly toxic substance and Methanol poisoning results in severe health situations. Methanol poisoning occurs when it is consumed by various methods such as orally, by inhalation, and transdermally. Transdermal poisoning is rarely seen and causes severe health complications.Case Presentation: A 59-year-old male patient was admitted to the emergency room due to blurred vision and knee pain. He had wrapped alcohol soaked cotton around his knees because of pain, and left it for 10 hours at night. Onphysical examination the knees only exhibited redness. Upon fund uscopic examination, signs of poisoning were not seen, but a high anion gap metabolic acidosis was shown by arterial blood gas analysis. Hemodialysis was performed for severe acidosis and the patient was admitted to the ICU. The patient was treated and discharged from the ICU without sequelae.Conclusions: Methanol poisoning presents to the emergency department in our country with many different situations and with varying histories. In different parts of the world, transdermal intoxication cases maybe more prevalent and they maybe overlooked, therefore, we aimed to present this case.

Background: Consumption of non-commercial alcoholic drinks is the main cause of Methanol poisoning in the world. Nonstandardized production methods or deliberate spiking of Methanol in non-commercial and homemade alcoholic beverages have been reported, globally. The analysis of toxic alcohol contents in illegally produced alcohol beverages is necessary for prevention and early diagnosis of Methanol poisoning especially during alcohol mass poisoning episodes. In this study, we analyzed Methanol, ethanol and higher alcohols content in seized illegal alcoholic beverages during Methanol mass poisoning outbreak in Bojnourd City (northeast of Iran) in 2018. Method: During the Methanol mass poisoning outbreak in Bojnourd city (northeast of Iran), happened in one – month period from September 22 to October 22, 2018, samples of all illegal alcoholic beverages either found consumed by poisoned patients who admitted to the hospitals or seized by the law enforcement were analyzed. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of ethanol, Methanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and acetone were performed using GC-FID method. Results: In the samples collected from a total of 116 seized illegally produced alcohol beverages; Methanol was detected in 39. 6% with mean concentration of 77. 6 %v/v and the range from 12 to 97% v/v. Ethanol was detected in 77 (66. 4%) samples with mean concentration of 32. 3%v/v. Only 8 (6. 9%) samples had a mixture of ethanol and Methanol. 1-propanol, 2-propanol and acetone were not detected in any samples. Conclusion: Methanol is the main toxic chemical component in illegal alcoholic beverages with toxic level and could be considered as a cause of mass poisoning during the alcohol mass poisoning in Bojnourd City. This finding could be considered in planning and implementing of public health measures in Iran.