Hyporheic zone is an active area that groundwater and surface water are mixed together in that zone. Any existing contamination in the surface water can be transferred to groundwater through this zone. In this research, the hyporheic zone beneath Zarjoob River and above Foomanat Aquifer was investigated by MODELing to understand the impact of river on groundwater quality. For this purpose, three stations and three nearby groundwater wells were selected and water samples were collected in Year 2006-2007. The hyporheic zone was MODELed for TDS as conservative parameter and NO3 as non-conservative parameter. MODFLOW and MT3D were used to simulate TDS in the hyporheic zone in two seasons; the agricultural season and nonagricultural season. The results showed that the hyporheic zone in non-agricultural season is 20 m far from the river, while in the agricultural season it was significantly less than 20 m. The results also showed that the reduction rate of TDS in agricultural season was more than that in non-agricultural season. This could be due to more groundwater use and increase in groundwater flow velocity. In the next step, NO3 was simulated using MODFLOW and RT3D. The simulation was carried out for two scenarios; with and without biodegradation. The results showed that without considering biodegradation, the hyporheic zone would extend to 25 m far from the river while with biodegradation it would be reduced to 20 m.

Groundwater is one of the main sources of drinking water supply, agriculture, and... in Birjand region, So the management of underground water table is very important. GMS software is one of the most prestigious MODELs based on groundwater MODELing that considered with steady and unsteady flow. This MODEL is able to simulate and predict the future status of an aquifer with defined scenarios. The purpose of building a conceptual MODEL is to simplify the field problem and organize the associated field data so that the system can be analyzed more readily. For Steady state September. month was selected that have less oscillation in water table, and for un-steady state October 80 to August 91 during 20 time steps were selected. After running the MODEL, calibration and sensitivity analysis according to the underground water balance perform, and show that MODEL is sensitive toward hydraulic conductivity and in unsteady state is sensitive toward specific yield. Based on balance equation the aquifer will have 10 meters shortage in water table in aquifer in 5 years prediction. In this MODEL for predict quality in birjand plain used MT3D modules. In the MODEL due to lack of quality parameters, in MT3D only Nitrate (No3) was investigated and the results indicate the correlation between water table and increasing in nitrate. During 5 years increase nitrate in lowering of birjand city and agriculture land.

Introduction: Due to the increase in water consumption resulting from climate change and rapid population growth, overexploitation of groundwater resources take place particularly in arid regions. This increased consumption and reduced groundwater quality is a major problem especially in arid areas of concern among water resources managers and planners. The use of modern simulation tools to evaluate the performance of an aquifer could help the managers and planners to decide. In this research, finite difference method was used to simulate the behavior of the quality and quantity of groundwater. …

Plant development can be defined as a programmed qualitative change in plant form, which leads plant to maturity, and researchers call it as phasic development or phenology. Recognizing the timing of occurring each development stage is necessary for managing system in order to yield increment. The timing of occurring development stages depend on climate, genotype specifications and sowing date then determination of these times in different regions is difficult and it is only possible through the using of crop simulation MODELs which can predict the timing of occurrence each development stage by integrating effective factors. The MODEL was constructed based on linear equation of plant temperature response. In order to MODEL evaluation two experiments were carried out in agricultural and natural resources research center of Khuzistan in 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 cropping years. Wheat development stages were determined based on Kirby and Appleyard’s scale by stereoscopic microscope and required GDD for each development stage as well. The constructed MODEL was calibrated and run for simulation. Comparison of simulated and observed data showed that the MODEL can strongly predict wheat development stages.

Growth of population and changes due to earth heating, have differently affected the environment. These changes have challenged the water resources exploitation process both qualitatively and quantitatively. Reduced fresh groundwater level and higher level of seawater in coastal aquifers have resulted in reduced water exploitation in these zones. This study simulated the aquifer quality due to seawater intrusion using a numerical MODEL in GMS v. 10. The quality of the aquifer was analyzed and predicted using two qualitative MODELs of SEAWAT and MT3D. The 10-years prediction MODEL has shown a direct relationship between increased Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentration and reduced water table. The horizontal to vertical diffusion ratio of 0. 5 and vertical to horizontal diffusion ratio of 0. 2 were obtained following the calibration of molecular diffusion coefficient. Analysis of qualitative results indicated the increased TDS concentration at the northwest of the aquifer which is probably due to seawater intrusion toward the coast. Results of simulation using qualitative MODEL indicated the seawater intrusion from two dimensions of groundwater level and depth. Further, the density difference between seawater and fresh groundwater resources has resulted in seawater intrusion performance curve. The position of seawater intrusion toward the coast indicated increased concentration of more than 2000 mgL-1 during the prediction period. Three methods of reduced groundwater harvesting, increased aquifer feeding plans and construction of ground dams were examined and analyzed in this study in order to decide about the factors influencing the increase or decrease of seawater intrusion into the coast. Findings of the analysis indicated the highest effect of reduced groundwater harvesting in limiting the seawater intrusion compared to the two other methods.

Background and Aim: Job enrichment is a method that has been used to increase employee satisfaction and work motivation. The Hackman and Oldham job characteristics MODEL (1976) has served as the foundation for many job enrichment efforts. In particular, a considerable amount of research has been devoted to the study of the job characteristics-job satisfaction relations. Te purpose of this study was to statistically determine the relation between job characteristics and job satisfaction among employees of hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) in 2007. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional one, including 6 TUMS-affiliated hospitals-Emam, Shariati, Baharlo, Ziaeian, Madaen and Azadi. The sample size was 400, consisting of 200 administrative employees (50%), 151 nurses (38%) and 49 physicians (12%). The random sampling and stratified proportional sampling methods were used to select the hospitals and interviewees, respectively. Two questionnaires were developed and used to identify job characteristics and job satisfaction: 1) job diagnostics surveys (JDS) and 2) Hertzberg's job satisfaction questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaires was ascertained by test-retest using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.88). Linear-by-linear association and ordinal logistics regression analysis were used for analyzing the data gathered.Results:The relations between the Motivational Potential Score (MPS) and job characteristics (except for feedback) with job satisfaction were statistically significant (p<0.05). Task identity was the most effective determinant of job satisfaction. Conclusion: It appears that all the job characteristics (except feedback) are important determinants of job satisfaction of the hospital employees. Although the work environment is in need of restructuring, it is important to note, from a positive perspective, that the job characteristics discussed in this study are readily amenable to change job satisfaction at the organizational level.

Background & Aims: Different scoring systems are used in order to assess the functional quality of intensive care units (ICU) and to predict the required costs and facilities of intensive cares. Variety of scoring systems has been explained that each has advantages and disadvantages. In this study Simplified Acute Physiology Score-III (SAPS-III) and Mortality Probability MODEL-III (MPM-III) were compared. Materials & Methods: The current cross-sectional study was conducted on 240 non-traumatic patients admitted at ICU of Al-Zahra Hospital in 2016-17. Patients' information including demographics, mean of systolic, diastolic and arterial pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, temperature, Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS), WBC, hematocrit, bilirubin, creatinine, arterial blood gas, and the presence of underlying diseases was gathered from the records for measurement of MPM-III and SAPS-III scores and then they were compared. Results: This study was conducted on 240 non-traumatic patients. Discrimination of MPM-III in cutoff point of 0. 17 was 0. 83(P<0. 001; 95%CI: 0. 765-0. 898), sensitivity and specificity of this test in prediction of non-traumatic mortality was 82% and 73%, respectively. Discrimination of SAPS-III in cut-off of 48. 5 was 0. 78(P<0. 001; 95%CI: 0. 72-0. 84), while its sensitivity and specificity was 83% and 70%, respectively. Duration of ICU hospitalization (P=0. 028 and 0. 002) and duration of intubation (P=0. 001 and <0. 001) had direct association with mortality based on both scoring systems while total duration of hospitalization was only significant in SAPSIII (P=0. 002). Conclusion: Comparison of SAPS-III and MPM-III in non-traumatic patients presented a higher discrimination ability for MPM-III. In addition, findings showed that mortality in MPM-III was in association with duration of ICU admission and intubation while for SAPS-III, in addition to previous factors, total duration of hospitalization was associated as well.

Quantitative genetic theories based on infinitesimal MODEL have been very successful in selecting the best animals in the last century. One of the methods based on IFM that has been used widely in quantitative genetics is best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP). Despite, because of the limited amount of genetic material and finite number of loci for each trait some infinitesimal MODELs assumptions can be violated. Since 1970, molecular genetics has opened this black box by mapping the single genes affecting the quantitative traits. Therefore in the past 15 years, the major effort in animal breeding has changed from quantitative to molecular genetics with emphasis on marker assisted selection (MAS).However, results have been modest. In 2001, based on a computer simulation study, genomic selection as markers covering the whole genome was proposed as a variant of MAS. Simulated and real results have been shown that the breeding values could be predicted with higher accuracy in genomic selection than traditional selection. According to expert assessments, genomic selection makes it possible to save 92% of the funds spent on traditional selection and it is twice as efficient as the latter. However, there is a long way for reaching to phenotype from genotype; nevertheless, new technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics can be useful in this way.

Saltwater intrusion is in the bottom of aquifer with gradually horizontal and vertical moving shortcoming of the most important quality issue especially in desert area. In this study the 3-D simulation of saltwater intrusion carried out by MODFLOW, MT3D and SEAWAT MODELs. The results of flow MODELling show that the decreasing in water table has been continued, in order to the hydraulic gradient in bottom of aquifer is reversed. . Considering the trend of groundwater direction indicated a huge volume of saltwater with high concentration moved to the aquifer. For 3-D simulation of quality flow MT3D MODEL have been used. The results of this study show that the chloride concentration considerably increased due to 7000 ppm in the bottom of aquifer. Moreover, the saltwater intrusion moved about 100 meters to the aquifer in interface area. Consequently, the prediction of saltwater intrusion reaches to 400 meters in near future.

The quality of groundwater resources is of particular importance due to the necessity of utilization and type of consumption. The aquifers adjacent to the volcanoes are affected by these sources exhibiting different behaviors. These aquifers are highly vulnerable and their water quality is affected by sources of volcanic pollutants. In this study, the qualitative status of the Khash aquifer in the south of Taftan volcano has been investigated. The purpose of this study was to identify the contaminant sources of this aquifer. Therefore, in addition to sampling and qualitative analysis, MT3D qualitative simulation MODEL was used. Simulation of qualitative MODEL and regional analysis of groundwater flow in the area revealed that the southern part of the aquifer in addition to underground nutrient flows in the northern part also has direct feeding from the altitudes and this increased TDS and sulfate concentrations in this part of the aquifer. Investigations showed that in this section more than 12% of TDS and 30% of sulfate increased. This increase, in addition to the lack of operational management, also indicates the existence of underground currents that have exacerbated the situation of human interference. Surveys showed that the amount of gas in groundwater resources in the northern part of the aquifer was high and this increase also acidified groundwater resources in the region. . This increase, in addition to the lack of operational management, also indicates the existence of underground currents that have exacerbated the situation of human interference. Surveys showed that the amount of gas in groundwater resources in the northern part of the aquifer was high and this increase also acidified groundwater resources in the region.