1-Intrudaction: One of the evidences of the Quaternary climate changes in Iran, are glacial topography in MOUNTAINous areas. Understanding glacier forms such as cirques, as the accumulation of snow and ice sites and MOUNTAIN glaciers supply, is very important in glacial geomorphology.

Ziarat Biosphers Reserve covers an area 65I hectares situated in the Golestan provinces, at different altitude (650- 2250 m), in this geographical area, remarkable endemic and unique plants are spreading of their compatibility and extraordinary conformity concerning the environmental a climatic adaptive have been taken in to account among the valuable herbaceous genetic reserves and in order to recognition of their chemical compositions and effective material during the recent decades, extensive researches have been done by different research and university centers. Fortunately, some company agro - industry associations in production of many kind of drugs. The result obtained from their continued efforts is the production of many kinds of drug with herbaceous source which are possessing the justification from the ministry of Health.Non - economical collection if medicinal plants in traditional from demonstrated the necessity of their cultivations in the form of, echanized cultivatidrs and agro industry associations. Therefore, to achieve the purpose, the recognition of ecologic, phenologic needs of plants in inevitable.In this article 107 plant species are reported from the area. They are including 42 family and 103 genera. Therophytes (20.6%), Hemicryptophyte (11.2%), Geophytes (36.4%) Phanerophytes (19.6%) and chamaephytes (12.1%) are the most important life forms of the reserve.Also traditional Current uses, Botany characteristic, the methods for increasing, geographical distribution, chemical composition, the way of using, usable parts of the plant and finally their medicinal figures have been presented.

Consideration for nature and its manifestations such as fire, water, plant, sun, moon and starts were popular from ancient times. In Persian mythology, water, plant, moon and sun were the symbols of Mithra and Anahita. Mithra, the symbol of light and blaze of sun, were worshiped along with water. Worshipping of Anahita, goddess of water and fertility, were related to water and plant.Temples of Mithra and moon (Mithra and Anahaita) were usually constructed next to the MOUNTAIN, fountain and holly trees. The char taghi were the examples of such places that some of them transformed to shrines or fire-temple.

Study of vegetation composition is necessary for indication of the plants existence and condition. The vegetation identification has a crucial importance because of their fundamental role in the bioscience and the knowledge and utilization of natural environment. Accordingly, the current study has been done to consider the distribution and diversity of meadows in Iran and their importance on forage production. In this regard, plants were collected and classified base on life form, bioform and their Lifespan in order to study the floristic of meadows. Our survey was carried out in Parvar area which showed that this area had 54 species, 45 genus and 22 families. Poaceae with 18 species and Asteraceae with 6 species had the highest abundance in the region. The main vegetation compositions of meadows were included a variety of grasses and grass-like form. Furthermore, Hemi-cryptophytes were the main Bio-form in this area that demonstrated the cool and moderate climate.

Today, MOUNTAINous and snowy sports have many fans, but this fun sport has always had many dangers. Dangers such as falling, buried in snow and avalanches, staying in difficult snowy areas, and so on. On the other hand, the advancement of science and technology in this field has not been low, and the development of safety equipment in this area has come to the aid and support of athletes and users of MOUNTAINous areas and has greatly increased the safety of athletes. Knowledge of this equipment and their use by athletes will result in a significant reduction in casualties and financial losses. In this research, we try to consider the most important and most basic equipment of a person who is a climber or a skier or any traveler in MOUNTAINous and snowy areas. The present equipment, in the first place, prevents the occurrence of harmful injuries and secondly, it helps protect a person when it comes to relapses and helps to save and rescue. In this article, the most important and essential personal equipment needed to travel to MOUNTAINous and snowy areas have introduced. Unfortunately, some of these devices have not only used in our country, they are still unknown.

The aim of this research was to identify the plant species, introducing the flora, determination of life forms, and geographical distribution of Shahbaz MOUNTAIN. Shahbaz MOUNTAIN, with 3420 m altitude (above sea level), is covers an area of 2255 hectares situated in Shazand city where the amount of annual precipitation is 380 mm and means annual temperature is 10.5 °C. Plant samples were collected from different parts of the area between 2700-3400 m during two growing seasons 2008-2009. The biological spectrum of the area was plotted by means of lifeforms results. The position of the area within Iran’s phytogeography classification was studied based on geographical distribution data and references. From 113 identified species, 90 dicotyledons and 23 monocotyledons were identified. These species belong to 23 families and 82 genera. The important families are Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Asteraceae and Brassicaceae with 13.27%, 10.61%, 10.61% and 9.73%, respectively. Hemicryptophytes with 61 species (53.99%) were the most frequent life form.92 species (81.42%) were endemics of Irano-Turanian region; 17 species of them were endemics of Iran.

The aim of this research was plant identification, introduction to the flora, determination of life forms and geographical distribution in Khargushan MOUNTAIN. This MOUNTAIN, with 6000 hectares, situated on the east of Poldokhtar and south-west of Khorramabad. The maximum altitude of this MOUNTAIN is thought 2329 m. Plant specimens were collected from different parts of the area during two growing seasons 2013-2014. The plant biological spectrum of the area was plotted by means of life forms results. The position of the area within Iran’s phytogeography classification was studied based on geographical distribution data and references. From 211 identified species in the studied area, 3 Pteridophytes, 1 Gymnosperm, 176 dicotyledons and 31 monocotyledons were presented.These species belong to 50 families and 150 genera. The important families are Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae and Lamiaceae with 12.79%, 10.42%, 8.05% and 7.58%, respectively. Life forms of the plant species include Therophytes 36.49%, Hemicryptophytes 31.28%, Cryptophytes 18.96%, Phanerophytes 8.06%, and Chamaephytes 5.21%.138 species (65.4%) were endemics of Irano-Turanian region; 32 species of them were endemics of Iran which among them, distribution of 4 species (Astragalus lurorum, Dionysia gaubae, Hedysarum gypsophilum and Phlomis lurestanica) limited to Lorestan province.

Iran is a MOUNTAINous country. Hezar Mt., is an isolated MOUNTAIN with the highest peak of 4465 m (above sea level) located in southeast of Iran. This paper aims to provide a general overview of alpine phytodiversity of Hezar Mt. Alpine regions are above timber-line which is dependent on the climate, slopes and human activities. The timberline at Hezar Mt., is varying from 3200 m (North slope) to 3, 350 m (South slope). In this study, 208 species belonging to 122 genera and 39 families are known from the subalpine and alpine zone of Hezar. Hemicryptophytes dominate in the alpine belt (67%) and chamaephytes constitute 15% of the alpine flora, most of them are thorny cushions. Species number declines remarkably with increasing altitude whereas proportion of endemism is increasing. The altitudinal maximum record for the flowering plants is 4450 m. The phytogeographical analysis shows that about 46% (97 species) of the alpine flora of Hezar are Iranian endemic and subendemic and the origin of alpine flora of Hezar is Irano-Turanian. Some useful alpine species and some threatening factors to environment are also mentioned.

Generally, the MOUNTAINs in due to the difference Altitude, Volume of relief, form and exposition are organization by variety microclimates: Differences in pressure, temperature, humidity, light, thermal energy, precipitation (and kind of it) and winds give a special form. Valley, Slope, Pick have the specific microclimates: MOUNTAIN is defined by bioclimate classification. Thermal inversion often exists in the valley regions and accompanies by fog, Katabatic and Anabatic exist in the MOUNTAIN regions. While foehn (chinok) is a warm and dry wind and has an environmental impact, MOUNTAIN is and important obstacle against movement of air masses, the ascending MOUNTAIN air is very important, in this paper, a model of MOUNTAIN precipitation studied. Damavand as the highest MOUNTAIN in Iran is situated near East of Tehran and has originated on essential microclimates and environmental impacts.

Purpose: Headache at altitudes has had an incidence of 25-62% through many related studies. Many reasons are identified concerning headache at altitudes such as acute MOUNTAIN sickness (AMS), sinus headache, migraine, tension type headache, and frontal tension headache. This study tried to compare different types of headache among trekkers on Mount Damavand, a 5671m MOUNTAIN, Iran, to find their incidence and related symptoms and signs.Methods: Through a cross-sectional study, we evaluated headache incidence and its correlation to AMS among people who climbed Mount Damavand. Lake Louise Score, a self-report questionnaire, was applied to make AMS diagnosis through three separate stages of trekking programs. Chi-square test was employed as the main mean of analysis.Results: Totally, 459 between 13-71 year olds participated in the study among which females were 148 (32.1%) and males 311 (67.8%). Headache was found in 398 (86.7%) among whom 279 (70%) were proved as AMS. Investigating the types of headache in the cases of AMS showed 64.5% to be of steady, 31% throbbing and 4.5% stabbing characters which had significant differences with a P value = 0.003. The majority of headaches were stated as frontal (38.9%) and the least prevalence belonged to the parietal area (4.4%), while global headache was reported in 27%.Conclusions: This study specifies the exact location of headaches at altitude in cases of AMS and non-AMS headaches. Many cases of high altitude non-AMS headache are resulted by tension and light reflection at altitude.