Type 2 diabetes is of particular importance as one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases, renal dysfunction and their related mortality. Two main characteristics of the disease are insulin secretion defects and insulin resistance. It seems that insulin resistance is a key trigger in the pathogenesis of the disease. It is reasonable to think about how to prevent the incidence of type 2 diabetes, reduce its severity and morbidity and to postpone the disease onset by studying the MOLECULAR MECHANISM of insulin resistance in order to inhibit or reduce the driving proteins behind insulin resistance and to find appropriate therapeutic approaches especially based on RNAs regulating gene expression. This review focuses on recent published MOLECULAR findings about occurrence of insulin resistance using genetic databases such as KEGG GENES and OMIM to introduce the trigger MECHANISM of type 2 diabetes.

Background and Objectives: Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones. Angiogenesis is an important event in a variety of physiological processes such as embryonic development, menstrual cycles reproduction, and wound repair. It is also involved in pathological conditions such as solid tumors, diseases of the eye diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy, hypertension psoriasis, endometriosis and obesity. Angiogenesis is dependent on a delicate equilibrium between endogenous angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors. Materials and Methods: Because of the angiogenesis importance in the development of its dependent diseases in this Review article we examined the different dimensions of the angiogenesis process, MECHANISMs and factors. The data were extracted from NCBI and SID.Results: Angiogenesis has driven by a cocktail of growth factors and pro-angiogenic cytokines and is tempered by an equally diverse group of inhibitors of neovascularization based on recent work from several laboratories; it is now eminently clear that angiogenesis and unrestricted production of normal or aberrant forms of pro-angiogenic mediators but also the result of a relative deficiency in angiogenic-inhibitory molecules. In general, the process of angiogenesis is a multi-factorial and highly structured sequence of cellular events comprising migration, proliferation and differentiation of endothelial cells and finally vascular formation, maturation and remodeling.Conclusions: The key factor that regulates proliferation and migration of endothelial cells is the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Angiogenic therapy includes inhibition of abnormal angiogenesis in some conditions such as tumors and stimulation of angiogenesis in conditions of ischemia, such as in ischemic heart disease or peripheral vascular disease.

By using MOLECULAR farming, plants are used as a bio-reactor for producing low cost recombinant proteins. This technology had been successful in the production of primary products in the commercial field. Other recombinant products are in final steps of production. In the last 10 years, up to 100 different recombinant proteins are produced in transgenic plants. Plants have many advantages in comparison with other expression systems, especially in economic, safety, operations and production aspects. However, there are some problems for using plants as a bio-reactor with the goal of recombinant proteins production that should be considered. Some of these problems are: the quality of final product, extraction and the processing of plant derived pharmaceutical macromolecules and bio-safety. In this study, we will review the global view of MOLECULAR farming and some successful cases in Iran. During 8 years of research in the field of MOLECULAR farming in Iran, especially in Tarbiat Modarres University, different kinds of recombinant proteins such as VHH single domain antibody in tobacco and canola and tPA protein in tobacco were expressed. The human gamma interferon in canola and tobacco and also the luciferase enzyme in tobacco, African violet and canola were produced. Also, useful projects are executed in the field of transplastomic plants in order to express the mentioned genes in the chloroplast. In transferring the human pro-insulin gene to chloroplast genome, this gene was bombarded onto tobacco leaf ex-plants using a particle delivery system. Leaf ex-plants produced adventitious shoots when cultured on shoot-inducing medium containing spectinomycin. The results of peR confirmed that the pro-insulin gene was present in the chloroplast genome.

Background and objectives: There are several documents about protective properties of saffron against stress conditions which refer to the effect of saffron on gene expression pattern of the treated samples. The aim of the present study was determination of the main regulated proteins by saffron extract. Methods: Twenty differentially expressed proteins from a published research were investigated via network analysis and assessed to determine the crucial regulated individuals by Cetoscape software. The network was analyzed by network analyzer application of Cytoscape software, and the central nodes were identified. Results: Twenty queried proteins were included in a network with 9005 nodes and 11446 edges. Analysis of the network revealed that VCP, SOD1, GRP78 (HSPA5), GRP75 (HSPA9), PRDX1, PHB, COMT, and ATP5H are the central proteins which are regulated by saffron extract. Conclusion: Based on the regulated proteins, regulation of mithoconderia and endoplasmic reticulum was identified as the main target of saffron in stress management.