Purpose: The present study was conducted to assess the ability of probiotic bacteria AND YEASTS strains to reduce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in gastrointestinal simulated conditions. Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic AND immunosuppressive agents. Acute exposure to a high level of aflatoxins leads to aflatoxicosis, which cause rapid death due to liver failure. It is anticipated that consumption of probiotic microorganisms capable of binding aflatoxins can reduce the risk of AFB1 on human health to a certain extent. Methods: For this purpose, the bacteria (1 × 1010 cfu/mL) AND YEASTS count (2 × 108 cells/mL) AND AFB1 concentration (10 ppb) were adjusted. Then, the samples were incubated in the simulated medium, human gastric secretions AND small intestine. The concentration of residual AFB1 was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results were statistically analyzed by SPSS 16 software. Results: The native isolated bacteria AND YEASTS in the simulated gastrointestinal tract condition showed a significant effect on AFB1 reduction (P < 0. 05). The AFB1 reduction ability of native probiotic microorganisms was strain dependent. The highest binding ability in bacteria belonged to Lactobacillus rhamnosus (31. 14%) AND at YEASTS belonged to Saccharomyces cerevisiae (30. 46%). Conclusion: The use of probiotic strains is the appropriate biological method to reduce AFB1 in the human gastrointestinal tract. Probiotic bacteria could help to decrease the harmful effects of AFB1 in humans through enhancing the food safety.

The colonized microorganisms in the fish gastrointestinal (GI) tract have recently received particular attention as a probiotic. Therefore, we aimed to identify potential probiotic YEASTS from the GI tract of the beluga (Huso huso). The fish were rANDomly caught from beluga-breeding ponds. The isolated yeast strains were investigated for some properties of probiotic potentials, including tolerance to acidity AND bile salt (Oxgall). Yeast strains with probiotic potentials were identified to species level using polymerase chain reaction AND sequencing the internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA. Seventeen different yeast strains were isolated from the beluga's GI tract based on macroscopic AND microscopic characteristics. Nine YEASTS (52. 9%) could tolerate acid (pH = 2) for up to 3 h. Among acid-resistant YEASTS, four YEASTS could tolerate bile salts for up to 8 h. By comparing the obtained sequences with reference sequences in GenBank, all strains were identified as CANDida parapsilosis. Sequence data of each strain were assigned in GenBank under the accession numbers. Identification of the fungal microbiota in healthy fish AND determiniation their probiotic aspect may applicable in manage fish's health AND nutrition. Further extensive studies are recommended to identify fungal-biota with probiotic potential in more fish species.

The query about human existence has remained one of the most important questions which has preoccupied the thoughts AND minds of man for thousANDs of years in many different forms which in turn encouraged him to find answers to such varied questions as: "Who am I?", AND "Who are we?" This attempt eventually led to an evolution of the concept of "identity" AND "self". This concept has though undergone radical changes in the process of socio-cultural as well as politico-economical turns emerging in the three major forms of past or traditional identity, current or modem identity AND future or postmodern identity. The earliest identity mold was initially a single entity which based the human quest for identity on individual "self', dialogues AND also mega narratives. The second type of identity has an eye on the current time AND place changes AND studies them in the light of modern time circumstances as a collective identity AND not as an individual one. The third identity mold has a glimpse on subjects AND factors that are in an ambiguous, unstable AND volatile condition. Quite naturally, such an identity would be taken as a quality which is unstable, multiple, AND changing, something that at times was called post-modem identity.

The main focus of this article is a review of Critique AND Crisis, Enlightenment AND the Pathogenesis of Modern Society by Reinhart Koselleck. Critique AND Crisis was first published in German in 1959 AND published in English in 1988 by The MIT Press. Koselleck’ s book attempts to explain the Utopian ideas of the twentieth century by looking at their origins in the eighteenth. The main idea of Critique AND Crisis is that the Enlightenment itself became Utopian AND even hypocritical because-as far as continental Europe was concerned-it saw itself excluded from political power-sharing. The structure of Absolutism, which was rooted in the dichotomy between sovereign AND subject, between public policy AND private morality, prevented the Enlightenment AND the emancipation movement produced by it from seeing itself as a political phenomenon. Instead the Enlightenment developed patterns of thought AND behaviour which, at the latest from 1789 onwards, foundered on the rocks of the concrete political challenges that arose. The Enlightenment succumbed to a Utopian image which, while deceptively propelling it, helped to produce contradictions that could not be resolved in practice AND prepared the way for the Terror AND for dictatorship. The main idea of Koselleck’ s book seems to be based on the idea of Carl Schmitt in The Leviathan in the State Theory of Thomas Hobbes, which he explains AND expAND in this book. Koselleck’ s critique AND its historical entwinement with twentieth-century totalitarianism is a biased or willfully selective picture.

Natamycin is a preservative used to control MOLDS AND yeast in dough; however, the Food AND Drug Administration prohibits the use of any preservative in the production of dough. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the microbial contamination AND natamycin concentration in 60 samples of dough from 10 dairy plants in Ardabil Province. Microbial tests were performed to determine the populations of coliforms, MOLDS AND YEASTS as well as to detect Staphylococcus aureus AND Escherichia coli contamination. The results showed that the amount of natamycin in 73. 33% of the samples was higher AND 26. 67% were determined lower than 10 ppm. In addition, the highest concentration of application was found among the samples obtained in the warm season. S. aureus AND E. coli was not observed in any of the samples. On the other hAND, 20% of the samples exceeded the stANDard limit for mold AND yeast count; while 15% of the samples exceeded the stANDard for the coliforms. Considering the presence of microbial AND natamycin contamination in some industrial dough samples AND their unacceptable quality, measures must be taken to eliminate contaminants.

Botrytis gray mold of kiwifruit is one of the most important fungal diseases that causes a significant damage to the kiwifruit during harvest AND postharvest stages. The aim of this study was to find some effective isolates of native YEASTS that have a good biocontrol effects on the pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. Fifity one plant samples were collected from different part of Iran during 2015– 2016. Thirthy four yeast isolates were selected as representative based on the morphological characteristics of the colonies AND the size of the cells. The experiment carried out to examine the YEASTS ability in pathogen inhibition on Hayward cultivar of kiwifruit based on two assays, in well on fruit AND on fruit slices in Petri dishes. Results based on partial ITS region sequence region showed AND according to Duncan’ s multiple range test at significance level 1% as well as index disease (ID), the YEASTS including Aureobasidium pullulans, CANDida membranifaciens, Cryptococcus albidus, Metschnikowia koreensis, Ogataea cortices, Papilioterama flavescens, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa AND R. glutinis have the most potential to pathogen growth inhibition.