D-xylose, is the second most abundant sugar in nature AND it is one of the main constituents of plants. Hence, ethanol production from D-xylose has an ignorable importance in the world future energy trends. In this research, natural environments AND materials such as compost AND decaying body of plants AND agricultural wastes, were investigated for finding xylose fermentating YEASTS, which can produce ethanol using D-xylose. First, one gram of different samples were cultured in broth culture media comprising xylose as the only energy source AND yeast extract AND after 24 hours 0.1 ml of brothes were transferred on solid medium containing the same elements. D-xylose utilizing YEASTS were examined for their ability to ferment D-xylose using their culture in mild agitation. From 61 isolates, 5 isolates could utilize D-xylose AND produce less than 1 g/l ethanol from 20 g/l D-xylose AND 7 isolates could produce more than 1 g/l ethanol from 20 g/l D-xylose. These later isolates were CANDida boidinii, CANDida paludigena, three isolates of Kluyveromyces marxianus AND two isolates of Auerobasidium polullans. Among these isolates, CANDida boidinii with 5.8 g/l ethanol from 20 g/l D-xylose was the best ethanol producer. As a result of this study, 100 rpm agitation, 5 g/l yeast extract, 60-84 hours incubation time AND pH=4.5 were the best environmental condition for the maximum production.

The main concern in the design of multi-cavity MOLDS is flow balance between cavities. Any departure in flow balancing of the cavities can result in difficulties in processing AND quality of injected parts. In this paper, flow balance in a two-cavity plastic injection mold with different sizes (or family-cavity mold) was investigated. Mold flow software was implemented to predict the filling phase through the cavities. Diameters of runners related to each cavity were adjusted to attain a balanced flow. Evaluation of the flow balance was conducted by injection molding as short-shot AND measuring the weight of each cavity. A high density polyethylene (HDPE) was applied as plastic material in this research. Good agreement was observed between experimental AND simulation results. Moreover, in this paper one of the runners could be resized while injection molding via an insert located in the mold. The effect of flow balance on the tensile properties of the injection molded specimens was investigated. The results indicated that the parts obtained from the balanced mold exhibit a higher tensile strength AND elongation at break up to 14% AND 18%, respectively. The dimensions of injected parts were measured. It was found that there are not any differences between the shrinkage of specimens obtained by balanced AND unbalanced mold.

Kefir drink is a popular natural probiotic beverage in the Middle East. It is the fermentation product of a variety of probiotic microorganisms- live microorganisms added to the diet in sufficient quantities to improve the health condition- present in the kefir grain of the milk (1). Different kefir grains may have various microbial complexes (2). Generally, knowing the microbial characterizations of probiotic products is needed for the safety confirmation. On the other hAND, the beneficial effects of probiotics vary from strain to strain AND condition to condition (3).

Strawberries are one of the most susceptible fruits to spoilage, mechanical damages AND physiological detoriaration AND have a high rate of metabolism during storage. In this study, chitosan (1%) containing different concentrations of green tea extract (10, 20 AND 30 %) was used as a coating for Selva strawberry fruits. Quality parameters including weight loss, pH, acidity, soluble solids, total anthocyanins, texture, color parameters (Lab), microbial count (total bacteria, MOLDS AND YEASTS) AND sensory attributes were assessed during 16 days of storage at 4 ° C. Weight loss, pH, soluble solids, total bacteria, MOLDS AND YEASTS extension were increased, AND acidity, total anthocyanin AND firmness were decreased during storage. Strawberries coated with chitosan containing green tea extract had a lower weight loss, pH, soluble solids AND higher acidity, total anthocyanin, AND firmness than control. The results showed that coating Selva strawberry fruit with chitosan containing green tea extract improved color parameters AND decreased microbial count during storage. Increase in the concentration of green tea extract resulted in synergistic effects with chitosan, so that 1% chitosan coating containing 30% green tea extract showed the highest effects in improving quality attributy AND extending the shelf life of fruits.

Background: Onychomycosis is a widespread problem in the clinical practice of dermatology, caused by dermatophytes, YEASTS, AND non-dermatophyte MOLDS. In India, relatively little work has been done on this problem. It is a known fact that the geographical distribution of the fungi may change from time to time. Hence, through this study, an attempt was made to identify the clinical patterns AND causative agents of onychomycosis. Methods: This study was conducted on 100 clinically suspected onychomycosis patients. The necessary clinical details were noted with their consent. Nail clippings were collected from the most severely affected parts AND were subjected to direct microscopy in 40% potassium hydroxide before being inoculated into Sabouraud’ s dextrose agar with AND without cycloheximide at 25° C AND 37° C for up to four weeks. Growth was identified following the stANDard protocols by assessing the rate of growth, colony character, lactophenol cotton blue mount, slide culture, urease test, germ tube test, etc. Results: Among the 100 patients, the mean age was 40. 8 years. The male/female ratio was 1. 28: 1. Fingernail (49%) involvement was more common than toenail involvement (32%). Distal lateral subungual onychomycosis (52%) comprised the predominant clinical pattern. KOH mount was positive in 46%, while the culture was positive in 44% of patients. The causative agents isolated were non-dermatophyte MOLDS (63. 6%), dermatophytes (18. 2%), AND YEASTS (18. 2%). Conclusion: This work shows the broad spectrum of causative agents of onychomycosis with non-dermatophyte MOLDS as the predominant isolates.

In the recent decade, biosynthesis of the degradable biopolymers polyhydroxyalkanotes in transgenic YEASTS became an important research task. Most research strategies depend on either metabolic engineering or molecular approaches. In the present work, research compared PHA biosynthesis in two types of YEASTS; Saccharomyces cerevisiae AND a non-convenient Kloeckera spp. Yeast strains were equipped in their cytoplasm with the phaABCRe operon containing genes phbA, phbB AND phbC of the PHA biosynthetic pathway of Ralstonia eutropha, which encode β-ketothiolase, NADPH-linked acetoacetyl-CoA reductase AND PHA synthase, respectively. The transgenic strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae AND Kloeckera sp. were able to produce PHA. The maximum content of the polymer detected in the recombinant strain INVSc1/PHA1 was 2.68 % AND only poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulated. However, the non-conventional transgenic strain KY1/PHA was able to accumulate as maximum of 7.06 % of the copolymer poly-(3-hydroxybutyrateco- poly-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHV). Western blot analysis confirmed expression of the phaABCRe operon in the transgenic yeast strains. The nature of the PHA thus produced by all tested strains was analyzed by 1H AND 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.