Background: Creating a socket with proper fit is an important factor to ensure the comfort AND control of prosthetic devices. Several techniques are commonly used to cast transtibial stumps but their effect on stump shape deformation is not well understood. This study compares the dimensions, circumferences AND volumes of the positive casts AND also the socket comfort between two casting methods. Our hypothesis was that the casts prepared by air pressure method have less volume AND are more comfortable than those prepared by weight bearing method. Methods: Fifteen transtibial unilateral amputees participated in the study. Two weight bearing AND air pressure casting methods were utilized for their residual limbs. The diameters AND circumferences of various areas of the residual limbs AND positive casts were compared. The volumes of two types of casts were measured by a volumeter AND compared. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to measure the sockets fit comfort. Results: Circumferences at 10 AND 15 cm below the patella on the casts were significantly smaller in air pressure casting method compared to the weight bearing method (p=0. 00 AND 0. 01 respectively). The volume of the cast in air pressure method was lower than that of the weight bearing method (p=0. 006). The amputees found the fit of the sockets prepared by air pressure method more comfortable than the weight bearing sockets (p=0. 015). Conclusion: The air pressure casting reduced the circumferences of the distal portion of residual limbs which has more soft tissue AND because of its snug fit it provided more comfort for amputees, according to the VAS measurements.

Background AND Purpose: Pestalotioid fungi are ubiquitous environmental MOLDS that have received considerable attention in recent times not only because of their role as a plant pathogen but also owing to their high frequency of retrieval from human diseases. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to investigate onychomycosis caused by pestalotioid fungi, commonly considered important phytopathogens causing grey blight disease in Camellia sinensis. Materials AND Methods: A total of 122 agriculture workers were enrolled from Assam, India. Direct microscopic examination was carried out using 40% KOH to determine the presence of any fungal element. Further processing of the specimens for the isolation of fungi was performed using the stANDard protocol. In addition, the keratinolytic potential of the isolates was evaluated by means of the in vitro hair perforation test. Results: Out of 103 culture-positive samples, non-dermatophyte AND dermatophyte MOLDS constituted 82. 52% (n=85) AND 6. 79% (n=7) of the samples, followed by YEASTS (n=1, 0. 9%) AND sterile hyphae (n=10, 9. 7%). With regard to the isolated nondermatophyte MOLDS (82. 69%), 4 cases belonged to pestalotioid fungi, such as Neopestalotiopsis piceana (n=1), Pestalotiopsis species (n=1), AND Pseudopestalotiopsis theae (n=2). The keratinolytic activity of Pestalotiopsis species showed perforation by disrupting the hair cortex; furthermore, macroconidia were found to be present inside the human hair. Conclusion: A high rate of NDM isolation may be attributed to constant exposure to adverse environmental AND occupational hazards. This study highlighted the importance of “ pestalotioid fungi” as the rare etiologic agent of onychomycosis. Another remarkable finding was the keratinolytic potential of Pestalotiopsis species, which is unique in this study.

YEASTS AND MOLDS are considered as major causes of spoilage of acidic foods. Various studies have shown that green tea (Camellia sinensis) has antimicrobial properties. the study aimed to investigate the antiyeast activity of green tea extract in the plate AND sterilized milk. Total phenol AND flavonoid content were determined by colorimetric method. Anti-yeast activity of green tea against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces marxianusAND Rhodotorula glutinis was measured using well diffusion AND disk diffusion agar. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) AND the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of green tea were examined by micro dilution in plate AND by macro-dilution in sterilized milk in tubes. MIC of green tea extract was in range of 12.5 to 25 mg/ml in microdilution method AND 6.5 to 25 mg/ml in macro dilution method. Kluyveromyces marxianus was the most resistant yeast against green tea extract. Consequently, because of the positive effect of green tea extract against the studied YEASTS, it could be utilized as an anti-yeast compound in food AND drug technology.

Several reports are available on species diversity of YEASTS on grape berries in different grapevine producing countries, including Iran. However, there is a paucity of knowledge on species diversity of YEASTS on post-harvest table grapes worldwide. Hence, this study was performed to explore the species diversity of epiphytic YEASTS on post-harvest table grapes in markets of Tabriz, northwest Iran. Towards this aim, 120 grape samples, mostly Keshmesh, Shahani, Gezeluzum AND Shast-arous cultivars, were purchased from selected main markets in Tabriz AND subjected to yeast isolation. Total number of 180 epiphytic yeast isolates were recovered. The isolates were preliminary grouped based on the morphological characteristics AND DNA fingerprinting profiles using MSP-PCR fingerprinting technique. The D1/D2 domain of the 26S rDNA was amplified AND sequenced for one or two isolates representing each fingerprinting group. Totally, 20 isolates were sequenced AND the phylogeny inferred from sequence data of D1/D2 region revealed a rich diversity of yeast species on post-harvest table grape berries. Sixteen yeast species belonging to both ascomycetes AND basidiomycetes were identified. The majority of identified yeast species (75%) belonged to ascomycetes. Aureobasidium pullulans, Hanseniaspora uvarum AND Metschnikowia sinensis are reported as the most frequently isolated YEASTS. In this study, Clavispora lusitaniae AND Cyberlindnera fabianii are newly reported on grape berries worldwide AND C. lusitaniae, C. fabianii, Wickerhamomyces anomalus AND Yamadazyma mexicana represent new records for the mycobiota of Iran.

Background: Infections caused by opportunistic YEASTS such as CANDida species, Trichosporon, Rhodotorula AND Saccharomyces have increased in immunocompromised patients AND their identification is crucial as intrinsic AND acquired resistance of some yeast species to antifungal agents are on the rise. The aim of this study was to identify the organisms to the species level in order to suggest accurate AND effective antifungal therapies.Methods: In this study that carried out in Tehran, Iran in 2009, 200 patients with yeast infection were medically examined AND clinical specimens were prepared for direct examination AND culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Subsequently, the isolated yeast colonies were identified using various tests including culture on Corn Meal agar with Tween 80, CHROMagar CANDida AND casein agar. For the definite identification of organisms some biochemical tests were done based on carbohydrate assimilation by RapID Yeast Plus System kit, AND, finally, a molecular method, PCR-RFLP, using Hpa II enzyme, was performed for the remaining unknown yeast species.Results: A total of 211 yeast isolates were identified in 200 patients with yeast infections. The most frequent isolated YEASTS were CANDida albicans, 124 (58.77%), followed by CANDida parapsilosis, 36 (17.06%), CANDida tropicalis, 17 (8.06%), CANDida glabrata, 13 (6.16%), CANDida krusei, 8 (3.79%), CANDida guilliermondii, 2 (0.96%), Trichosporon, 3 (1.14%), Rhodotorula, 1 (0.47%), Saccaromyces cerevisiae, 1 (0.47%) AND other yeast species, 6 (2.84%).Conclusion: Nail cANDidiasis was the most prevalent type of yeast infection in the patients AND CANDida albicans was the most frequent isolated species from all clinical specimens.

In this research, several soil AND wastewater samples from Hexamine producing factory were cultured in complex AND minimum medium containing hexamine. Twenty nine bacteria, 2 YEASTS AND 3 MOLDS were isolated. Nine bacterial AND 2 yeast strains grew in medium containing 10000 mg/l hexamine. The bacterial strains degraded more than 50% AND yeast strains degraded 100% of Hexamine. After adaptation of strains, 12 strains of bacteria (Micrococcus AND Pseudomonas strains), one yeast strain AND two mold strains (Alternaria) degraded hexamin in medium containing 50000 mg / 1 hexamin.

The aim of this study was the production of mozzarella cheese flavored with thymus vulgaris essence AND the examination of the inhibitory effect of this essence against mold, YEASTS, E.coli AND coliforms, some proteolitic AND lipolytic reaction AND shelf life of mozzarella cheese in refrigerator conditions. In this study, the effect of different percents of essence (zero, 0.001, 0.003, 0.005) was investigated on physicochemical, microbial, antioxidant AND organoleptic properties of mozzarella cheese at refrigerator temperatures for 45 days.The results showed that zero, 0.003 AND 0.005 concentration had a significant effect on reduction of coliforms, E.coli, MOLDS AND YEASTS growth(P<0.05). Also, 0.003 AND 0.005 percent of the essence, had a significant effect on reduction of peroxid index during shelf life (P<0.05) AND had no significant effects on pH, acidity, moisture AND salt content (P>0.05).Also, samples with 0.005 % essence had the most flavor AND overall acceptance. Generally the results showed that thymus vulgaris essence as a natural preservative is able to increase the shelf life of mozzarella cheese at refrigerator temperature.