Iranian fiction atmosphere, in the past two decades, is strongly under the influence of Schools and literary movements, such as postMODERNISM. “Possible night” is Mohammad Hassan Shahsavari’s second novel that with seven years away, toward his first work "Pagard" published and was attracted by most of its readers. This novel consists of five chapters. One of the features of this work is rejecting and changing many events and incidents from previous seasons by changing the narrator in the next chapter. The method of this article is descriptive – analytical. Authors will prove this is a postmodern novel with components such as “metafiction”, “uncertainity”, “multiple ending”, “short circuit”, and “intertextuality”. Intertextual relationships in the novel include: some poems of Hafiz, Saadi, Ferdowsi. But one of the main intertextual relationship in this novel is related to “auto stop play” that is part of Milan Kundera’s “Laughable Loves” and Shahsavari in parts of his work deliberately benefited from that book.

The word post-MODERNISM expresses a new era in the history of western civilization, which is known by the feeling of disillusion with modernity and effort to criticize it and seek new authority, and it has significant effects in many grounds. The purpose of this research is to review the phenomenon of post-MODERNISM in the novel “Barari Alhoma” by Ebrahim Nasr-Allah because it is a literary text and contains manifest characteristics of post-MODERNISM and indicates the dominant features of post-modern works and trends of this phenomenon. This writer especially has remarkable ability to express these characteristics artistically and differently. In this research, firstly remarkable techniques of post-MODERNISM in this novel are indicated including exaggeration and overstatement in imagination, multiplicity and plurality instead of unity, lack of a main topic, antagonist, feeling of wrath and being imaginary, denial of causality, etc. Then, we survey some pieces of the story according to the dominant characteristics of post-MODERNISM.

This paper is a theoretical analysis that highlights a conceptual framework combined of "Iranian MODERNISM" and "Egocentric Rationality" in order to explain social pathologies in Iran. Current paper climes that a specific representation of MODERNISM in Iran has resulted in formation of a special kind of rationality mixed with modern instrumental rationality and modern individualism which is in line with "Iranian historical egocentrism" and "individuation". This combination has brought about a "black rationality" which is highly individualistic, narcissistic, competitive, calculative, interest seeker, goal oriented, neutral and indifferent to social outcomes of his actions. Because of absence of modern institutions that can limit such rationality, weakening of traditional morals and lack of alternative modern morality this framework has become a basis for action in a large part of society. Those social pathologies which are generally attributed as social immoralities are consequences of this form of rationality.

This article aims to study the reflection of social-communicational structures in Persian novels produced in the two decades of 1350 s and 1370 s Hijri. For this purpose, fourteen outstanding novels including seven written in 1350 s and seven written in 1370 s were selected to study in terms of their social-communication, individualism or pluralism content status in the two decades.The results from the research showed that in the works produced in 1350 s power hierarchy is seen and patriarchal discourse is dominated and power relations in social relations can be seen in these works, but in the texts produced in 1370 s power relations are inferred from the human individual relations and the average and middle class appear in the urban atmosphere.

MODERNISM and social class both are categories rose up from the west capitalism system and create some challenges for the society. The aim of this discussion is explaining the conflict between tradition and MODERNISM based on one of the main conflict roots which is called class conflict. In the other words, in this article authors tried to indicate that one the creator or accelerating factors of conflict between traditional system in the society and modern values is conflict among the attitudes, insights and value system of various social class individuals and therefore, it is possible to reduce conflict between the attitudes towards traditionalism and MODERNISM enjoying reduce class intervals.The subject is analyzable in two macro sociological areas: 1) Conflict theory in which modern society characteristics is inescapable consequence of industrial society, capitalism system and economic relations in the society. 2) Sociology of knowledge that is pursuing explanation of social conditions of modern awareness. Using a survey research MODERNISM was operationalized into nine indicators consist of rationality, consumption, criticalism, individualism, liberalism, democratic attitude, secularism and scientism and measured by a Likert scale. The total score for every case was computed by adding up the scores of nine sub-scales. There were 382 cases selected using a quota sampling design across ten regions of the city of Isfahan. Social class of the studied cases was measured based on income, education, job, location of living, and some properties including home and car. Finally, after analyzing the relationship between social class and MODERNISM some results were achieved as follow:There was a significant correlation between social class and rationality whereas no relation was observed between social class and utilitarianism. All other aspects of MODERNISM were significantly correlated with social class. Comparing means among various social classes using Tuki post-test showed that there was the most difference between upper and lower classes on the basis of MODERNISM total score. Middle class attitude toward MODERNISM was near upper class on the scale. Generally speaking, it can be noted that the social class is higher, the attitude is more positive. Moreover, as class interval would be lower, modern society is more possible to be observed.

The present study seeks to find the connection between MODERNISM and conceptual metaphors and it is based on the assumption that the principles and components of MODERNISM influence the formation of new novel metaphorical systems. This hypothesis is based on the theories of cognitive semantics and according to the cognitive function of conceptual metaphors and the process of meaning transfer and conceptualization of the human mind. Semantics believe that metaphor is both the basis of thought and the means of expressing it. Therefore, the organization of any idea-religious, political, economic, realistic, modern, etc.-in the human mind is possible through metaphorical channels, and its emergence-in any form and format-requires metaphorical language. . Accordingly, we have studied the conceptual metaphors of the Symphony of the Dead (2007) by Abbas Maroufi as a modernist novel to show the various dimensions of this influence. Studies indicate that some of the prominent components of MODERNISM, including new methods of narration, avoidance of clarity, individualism, cryptography, denial of a single truth, implicit references, etc. in the novel in question to have been used and in seven patterns have led to the formation of special metaphorical systems in the text.

The main objective of this study was to investigate MODERNISM and relative deprivation in girls` tendency in the use of cosmetics. Today, among the range of young girls we have seen excessive use of cosmetics and this requirement could make industry to become more sustainable. Existing theoretical literature and previous research claim to influence modern appliances as a social pattern that has affected young people. This study was conducted to survey data collected through questionnaires. The population was all female students in Islamic Azad University of Tehran Medical Branch. The population was 800 subjects and 400 of them were selected randomly. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between the relative deprivation of the use of cosmetics (r=0.375) and the MODERNISM with the use of cosmetics (r=0.53. There is a meaningful relationship between the modernists and the girls tend to use the cosmetics too. Structural equation modeling results indicated that RMSEA index was 0.058 proportion of Chi-square to the degrees of freedom (CMIN/DF) was 2.31, CFI was 0.90 and PCFI index was 0.82. Also the PNFI index in this study was 0.67 that indicated the value was acceptable.

Three Drops of Blood is one of the short stories of Sadiq Hedayat that has a surrealist and symbolic structure and it somewhat included the author's coordinates. Since the perception of the central concept of this story is somewhat difficult, it has always been accompanied by different interpretations and criticisms. According to many critics the style of this story is the full-fledged style of a particular storytelling of Hedayat. Hedayat uses an unusual and specific plot to make mysterious and symbolic story that challenges the reader's understanding of the meaning of the text and makes it hard to understand the meaning of it, and sometimes to doubt it. In other words, what has made the story style different from other realist stories is the use of a complex and unusual plot that has concealed the meaning of the text in several layers so that the reader cannot easily understand the central meaning of the story. In fact, by using a plot that is more based on association, repetition, and displacement and ambiguity Hedayat has made an irregular structure and anecdotal narrative about unrelated events in the story that has left out the critics' hands in different ways from its meaning forever. In this paper, the author attempts to use the method of study and analysis to elucidate the specific style of Hedayat's plot in this modern short story and to analyze the intellectual coordinates that is involved in the plot of the story in order to show the relationship between this type of plot with story content.

Despite the serious confrontation of Iranian seminaries and religious communities against a flood of western modernistic ideas and institutions, the modernistic tendencies increased in Qom seminary, during the leadership of Ayatollah Boroujerdi. Modernists often sought reforms in organization, educational programs and propagation system of seminaries and offered various reform projects to Ayatollah Boroujerdi. Ayatollah Boroujerdi rejected their proposed projects, although he himself was a modernist scholar and had implemented unprecedented modernistic reforms in the seminary. The present paper examines the internal and external barriers to acceptance of modernity and modernization process by some parts of Qom Seminary, the barriers made the modernist leader of Qom seminary uncertain to reform and reform program provided by modernist scholars of seminary being defeated temporarily.

Problem statement: Undoubtedly, the current trend of MODERNISM in the late twentieth century has been criticized by architectural journals. These critiques have moreover shaped postmodern architecture and also have represented the currents of the theory of pro-MODERNISM. Oppositions-as the most well-known architectural journal in the late twentieth century-has included a variety of authors and critics from both perspectives. The question is: “ During the activity of Opposition, what approaches does this journal take to the critique of MODERNISM? ” With this attitude, an attempt will be made to study the position of Opposition in the formation of after MODERNISM architectural theories. It can be argued that Oppositions journal with a wide range of authors, (“ Peter Eisenman” , “ Kenneth Frampton” , “ Rem Koolhaas” , “ Rafael Moneo” , “ Aldo Rossi” , “ Colin Rowe” , “ Denise Scott Brown” , “ Manfredo Tafuri” , “ Bernard Tschumi” and others) each of which later became the pioneer of various types of theory of after Modern architecture, could be a good example for evaluating the current governing architecture theory at that time. Research objective: The purpose of this study can be considered as the study of the ideas of critics who in an influential period, figured out the theories of after MODERNISM architecture. Research method: The method of research in the writing of the theoretical framework is logical reasoning; and to analyze the findings, the method of qualitative research and content analysis has been used. Conclusion: Opposition have been in a mutual relationship with architectural theories after the modern course and it has had a very critical role in shaping such theories. The attempts for theorizing-and not historiography of-the existing architectural trends with interpretive perspectives confirm the importance of the journal of Oppositions in that period. However, in the middle years of the journal’ s lifetime, the neo-modernists’ impacts and their praise for independent economics, globalization and technology can be grasped in the texts, in either beginning and last years of the publication (due to the influence of postMODERNISM and the critical regionalism approach) the terms of contextualism, culture and society have shaped the keywords of Oppositions.