Iranian society entered a new phase in its history during the constitutional era. During this period, the Iranian society passed through the traditional era and gradually entered the era of modernity. Influenced by the idea of modernity, Iranian intellectuals in this era tried to pave the way for modernizing the Iranian society. Among these intellectuals, Lahouti was also strongly influenced by the phenomenon of MODERNISM. For this purpose, the present article attempst to answer these important questions: Can the elements of modernity be found in Lahouti's viewpoint? And if found, what elements of modernist thought have entered the mind of Lahouti? Among the poets of the constitutional era, the manifestations of Lahouti's theological contact with the "West" are clear and obvious. Therfore, it is likely that there are significant elements of the phenomenon of MODERNISM in his thought. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical. The research data were collected from Lahouti's poems. The author has tried to criticize and analyze the foundations of MODERNISM in Lahouti's thought.

Problem Statement: As the classical Iranian architecture went out of fashion during the Second Pahlavi Era, Iranian cities were poised for renovation. In the same period, the Soviet modernization campaign in Uzbekistan led to major developments in the country. In this light, International Style architecture emerging in the two countries appears to have some similarities and differences. Research Objective: This study aims to discover how the International Style was introduced, developed, and affected the architecture and construction practices in Iran and Uzbekistan to answer the following questions: Have modernist intellectual, political, and social movements in Iran and Uzbekistan influenced architecture and construction and the introduction of the modernist International Style in the two countries? What is the nature and structure of International Style architecture in Iran and Uzbekistan, and what are their similarities and differences? Research Method: The present work is a comparative study and adopts a qualitative approach based on documentary and field studies. Historical– theoretical foundations were gathered by the interpretive historical method, and architectural works were analyzed by a descriptive– analytical approach. The statistical population consists of International Style buildings constructed in Iran and Uzbekistan during the Second Pahlavi Era, and the sample comprises structures belonging to the same period (construction year) that share stylistic physical and functional similarities. Conclusion: The results are suggestive of the objective, functional, and physical manifestation of the modernistic International Style components in both countries, but objective components appear more accentuated. Uzbekistan, however, displayed an attempt to restore its historical roots from 1971 to 1983, which is reflected in the nationalistic style of architecture materialized in the Islamic decorations of the building faç ades dating back to this period.

MODERNISM and postMODERNISM are current social developments that have a very powerful influence on educational systems al over the world. One of contexts of this influence is identity and specially women's identity. Comparative study of identity in MODERNISM and postMODERNISM and their impact on education (educational goals and content) are discussed in this paper.  

As the most important and fundamental shelter of human safety and security, family has gone under different changes and transforms as a result and consequence of MODERNISM and modernity within societies. Meanwhile, the Iranian society seems to be such affected as to accommodate various typologies and to transform its social capital in one way or another. This paper aims to identify these typologies and to compare social capitals of families in the scope of research study. The methodology used is survey and documentary. The assumption in this research have been: 1) The traditional-oriented renovation corresponds the social capital of the family. 2) The ongoing modern renovation has the greatest impact on the reduction of social capital in Iranian families. 3) The postmodern renovation increases the social capital in Iranian families. The results from this survey show the emergence of different family typologies in the Iranian society. They also shows a meaningful relation between renovation rate and social capital. To generate the index measures, the expertise ideas (dialectic approach towards social phenomena), the index measure of the author, and ideas of social capital experts (Putnam, Coleman, Bourdieu, Ghoshal, Petry, Ruskanen) have been employed. The theoretical framework of research is a hybrid approach

This paper is a reading on the state formation and its restructuring during the constitutional era (the Pahlavi period) based on the post-colonial state theory.Upon presenting the theoretical framework, we will consider the structural change resulting from annexation of the semi-colonial Iran to the capitalistic world market. In other words, the effects of such an annexation on Iran's political system would be examined. Then, we proceed by examining the condition under which such a state was formed, as well as the changing logic and crisis of the modern state mechanism in the Pahlavi era. Finally, we conclude by attempting to demonstrate the truthfulness ot the following three propositions:1. Although the modern state was based intensively on a centralistic project, a project which opposed and denied the semi-colonial rule inherited by the old feudal system, but in the process of its transformation the modern state adopted a patrimonialistic character. This character was rooted in the employment of local powers which was based on old affiliations and loyalties between the Court-Army complexes.2. The initial patrimonialistic structure of the modern state made its endurance dependent on reproduction and renewal of the Court's intercessional role between these tendencies: centralistic bureaucratic MODERNISM and regional pseudo-traditional conservatism.3. The crisis of the modern state mechanism in the Pahlavi era was rooted in the inability of the Court in formalizing and institutionalizing this intercessional role. As a result we conclude that the Pahlavi regime was a pseudo-patrimonial one. Not only the tendency of Pahlavi kings to rule arbitrarily, but also was their fall the result to pseudo-patrimonialism, or deficient fulfillment of patrimonialism.

This issue was one of the most effective ways of transferring the European modernity and modernization to the mind, language and mentality of the Iranians, in a way that the social role of the new writings in transferring modern concepts to Iranians is undeniable. This MODERNISM, which was the result of translation of European historical and academic sources, did not occur easily in Iran in comparison with other countries like Ottoman Empire and Egypt. It faced two main problems: on the one hand, the unintentional or compulsory integration with Iranian traditional and native ideological discourse led to misunderstanding of modern concepts. On the other hand, Iran was geographically far away from Europe, so it had to make connections with the civilized Europe through countries like Russia and Ottoman Empire. These linking countries hindered the direct relation of Iran with MODERNISM. Given that, in different phases, the translation of original works to Persian happened less. In this paper, through adopting discourse analysis, we study the manifestation of modern texts in the Iranian society and the trend of confrontation and integration of Iranian traditional mindset with modern mindset in the translated works. Thus, in this research methodology and model of analysis, we do not focus on “translated works” but talk “about translation” and critique it.

This article aims to find out the roots of Islamic radicalism. With this aim in mind, the proposed hypothesis is that the Islamic fundamentalism and its extremist faction conventionally called “Islamic Radicalism” are revolt against existing situation. Multidimensional crisis in Islamic nations in general and Egypt in particular is the consequence of introduced MODERNISM in these countries. In fact, Islamic fundamentalism has set itself to challenge the west and react strongly against the social crisis produced by MODERNISM. Proponents of Islamic fundamentalism argue that this movement is a new identity for Moslems and a solution in preventing the social deviation and decay in Islamic world. In other words, west and MODERNISM is perceived by Moslem fundamentalists to be the cause of all problems in the world. Proposed alternative by the proponents of Islamic fundamentalism is to return to the real Islam and animosity against western nations and their values.

Iranian fiction atmosphere, in the past two decades, is strongly under the influence of Schools and literary movements, such as postMODERNISM. “Possible night” is Mohammad Hassan Shahsavari’s second novel that with seven years away, toward his first work "Pagard" published and was attracted by most of its readers. This novel consists of five chapters. One of the features of this work is rejecting and changing many events and incidents from previous seasons by changing the narrator in the next chapter. The method of this article is descriptive – analytical. Authors will prove this is a postmodern novel with components such as “metafiction”, “uncertainity”, “multiple ending”, “short circuit”, and “intertextuality”. Intertextual relationships in the novel include: some poems of Hafiz, Saadi, Ferdowsi. But one of the main intertextual relationship in this novel is related to “auto stop play” that is part of Milan Kundera’s “Laughable Loves” and Shahsavari in parts of his work deliberately benefited from that book.

The word post-MODERNISM expresses a new era in the history of western civilization, which is known by the feeling of disillusion with modernity and effort to criticize it and seek new authority, and it has significant effects in many grounds. The purpose of this research is to review the phenomenon of post-MODERNISM in the novel “Barari Alhoma” by Ebrahim Nasr-Allah because it is a literary text and contains manifest characteristics of post-MODERNISM and indicates the dominant features of post-modern works and trends of this phenomenon. This writer especially has remarkable ability to express these characteristics artistically and differently. In this research, firstly remarkable techniques of post-MODERNISM in this novel are indicated including exaggeration and overstatement in imagination, multiplicity and plurality instead of unity, lack of a main topic, antagonist, feeling of wrath and being imaginary, denial of causality, etc. Then, we survey some pieces of the story according to the dominant characteristics of post-MODERNISM.

The present study seeks to find the connection between MODERNISM and conceptual metaphors and it is based on the assumption that the principles and components of MODERNISM influence the formation of new novel metaphorical systems. This hypothesis is based on the theories of cognitive semantics and according to the cognitive function of conceptual metaphors and the process of meaning transfer and conceptualization of the human mind. Semantics believe that metaphor is both the basis of thought and the means of expressing it. Therefore, the organization of any idea-religious, political, economic, realistic, modern, etc.-in the human mind is possible through metaphorical channels, and its emergence-in any form and format-requires metaphorical language. . Accordingly, we have studied the conceptual metaphors of the Symphony of the Dead (2007) by Abbas Maroufi as a modernist novel to show the various dimensions of this influence. Studies indicate that some of the prominent components of MODERNISM, including new methods of narration, avoidance of clarity, individualism, cryptography, denial of a single truth, implicit references, etc. in the novel in question to have been used and in seven patterns have led to the formation of special metaphorical systems in the text.