Interactions of charge particles with electromagnetic waves have important effects (linear and nonlinear) on the propagation of electromagnetic waves, and it can somewhat play a role in generation of the new MODE waves. Besides, the particle energies can play an important role in causing instability in plasma. The values of parallel energy of the particles have been calculated so that they can satisfy the nonlinear coupling condition. Furthermore, a result for instability is presented and the initial parameters inferred from the observational data are used. The results show that the nonlinear coupling (particle-wave interaction) can be a candidate for the generation of RX MODE wave in equatorial plasmasphere. Besides, the results show that energetic particles that participate in particle - wave interaction have an energy range from 0.058 to 10.23keV. This range of particle energy particle is in agreement with the observation.

A novel micromechanical based theory for the determination of the stress intensity factors (SIFs) of three-dimensional interacting cracks is proposed. The pioneering work of Eshelby"s equivalent inclusion method (EIM) in conjunction with Hill"s theorem on discontinuities of elastic fields across the interfaces are utilized in this analytical approach. The important feature of the present theory lies in its generality in treating MODEs I, II, III, and MIXED MODE fracture, and handling interacting cracks with various geometries subjected to non-uniform far-field applied stress (strain), in a unified manner. For illustrations arbitrarily oriented penny shape cracks under far-field normal and shear loading are examined. Comparisons with other analytical solutions, whenever available, established the remarkable accuracy and robustness of the proposed theory.

Due to various benefits of composite materials such as light weight, high strength and their excellent formability, the externally bonded composite patches have been proved to be a preferable method of repairing flaws and cracks in various engineering structures. In this paper, the behavior of various patches such as composite and metallic patches has been studied by calculating the stress intensity factor and the T -stress via 3D finite element method. The study of the out-of-plane bending role in repair of plates with single-sided patch is another aims of this research. The results showed that the higher stiffness of the composite patch leads to further reduction in stress intensity factor. It is found that in the studied specimens, the boron/epoxy patch has the better behavior compared with glass/epoxy one. Furthermore, using single-sided and double-sided patches leads to change in the T -stress value. The largest change achieved by the crack angle equals to 0 and the smallest on achieved by the crack angle equals to 45 degrees. Increasing the adhesive thickness leads to increasing the stress-intensity factor in repaired plate. Finally, it is found that the out-of-plane bending has the significant effect on behavior of repair with single-sided composite patch.

Lead is one of the heavy metals that have an adverse effect on renal function. Its effects can involve both renal tubules as well as glomeruli. Many studies based on observation and qualitative report have been performed and some of them report changes in volume and number of glomeruli. The present study using new and unbiased stereological techniques investigated changes in glomeruli after chronic lead acetate intoxication. This study was performed at the medical school of Ahwaz medical sciences university during Autumn and Winter of 2000 and 2001. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided to four groups (n=9). During a period of 12 weeks, the treatment groups were given 0.5% and 1% lead acetate in drinking water and the control and sham control were given distilled water and 0.4% acetic acid solution respectively. Stereo logical analysis based on Cavalierie's principle was performed to determine the reference volume (VRefrenceth),e fraction volume of glomeruli (VVGloma)and total glomerular volume (VTGlom), Furthermore, for estimating the numerical density (NVGlom)and total number of glomeruli (NTGlom),the physical dissector was utilized. Results showed that the number of glomeruli in treatment groups had decreased .significantly (P< 0.001), while for compensating this effect, the total volume of glomeruli had significant increased (P <0.001). This experiment using unbiased stereological methods confirms previous qualitative reports.

The present study aims to investigate the drought phenomena and its short occurrences in Khorasan region. To achieve these goals, two methods have been  utilized. To study the drought conditions of the region; monthly precipitation statistics of 34 stations from 1968-1997 was taken into account. In the next stage, to obtain short period occurrences of the drought, Two State First Order Markov chain has been used.  In this method, the daily precipitation data obtained from five representative stations in different parts of the province was helped to derive climatic characteristic associated with occurrences of short dry and wet spell such as stationary and simple probability, day frequencies,the length of wet and dry spells and weather cycle. Then, having computed the frequency of dry period, probability of occurrences of these periods and their return periods. The analysis results of the process of monthly precipitation trough method cleared the condition of different years in terms of drought and wet year. The analysis showed that 57 percent of stations in 1970 suffered from severe drought. On the contrary, the recived precipitation of all stations in 1991 was higher than normal level. It should pointed out that 76 percent of these stations spent a wet year with different intensities. The exact determination of probability of two sequential dry days have, differences between simple and stationary probabilities, the occurrences of wet and dry days and also the frequency of dry spell can be accounted among the significent result of this study. This study also showed that the probability of susequent dry spell fluctuated from 71 to 98 percent. No noticeable difference was observed between the simple and stationary drought of the stations. Interms the frequency of dry days, the average number of dry days will be 20 or more during the whole seasons.

Background and Aim: Diabetes mellitus (especially type I) is accompanied with disturbances in learning, memory, and cognitive skills in the human beings and experimental animals. Considering the potential nootropic effect of the medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum (HP), therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of long term oral administration of HP aerial part on learning and memory in diabetic rats by use of passive avoidance test.Materials and Methods: In this study, male Wistar diabetic rats were randomly divided into control, HP-treated control, diabetic, and HP-treated diabetic groups. HP treatment continued for 1 to 2 months. For induction of diabetes a single dose of streptozotocin 60mg/kg was injected i.p. Serum glucose level-was determined before the study and at the 4th and 8th weeks after the experiment. In addition, for evaluation of learning and memory, initial latency (IL) and step-through latency (STL) were determined after 1 and 2 months using passive avoidance test.Results: One- and two-month administration of HP aerial part at a weight ratio of 1/15 did not show any significant hypoglycemic effect in treated control and diabetic groups. Furthermore, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in IL in diabetic and HP-treated diabetic groups after two months as compared to control group. In this respect, there was no significant difference between diabetic and HP-treated diabetic groups. In addition, STL significantly increased in HP-treated control group after 1 (p<0.05) and 2 (p<0.05) months in comparison with control group. on the other hand, STL significantly decreased (p<0.05) in diabetic group and significantly increased (p<0.05) in HP-treated diabetic group as compared to control group after two months.Conclusion: In summary, long term oral administration of HP aerial part could enhance the recall capability of stored information in control and diabetic animals.

This paper is devoted to the design and construction of a novel technique for ferrite tuning of dielectric loaded, dual-MODE cavity filters. This is dealt with in two specific areas:i) Improving the technique to realize a high -Q , low loss, dielectric-loaded, dual-MODE cavity band-pass filter, using the hybrid 11 HEM 11d MODE, ii) Developing techniques to obtain a wide range tuning mechanism, using ferrite materials. The designed dual-MODE filters offer unloaded Qu of more than 10,000 with an insertion loss less than 1 dB. It is shown that ferrite tuning is possible either at below resonance or at the above resonance state, depending upon the strength of the applied DC magnetic field. Experimental results showed that due to its lower saturation magnetization YIG offers a wider tuning range compared with Nickel ferrite.

An (m = 2)/(n = 1) locked MODE has been observed in Iran-Tokamak1 (IR-Tl) at safety factor q = 2.5 during the plasma current flattop phase, and in this paper its main characteristics have been studied. It has also been shown that investigating the precursor phase of disruption maylead to predication of the disruption.