Introduction: Environmental pollution with heavy metals such as mercury is a major health problem. Growing studies on the field have shown the deleterious effects of mercury on human and nonhuman nervous system, especially in infants, however the effects of prenatal exposure to MERCURIC CHLORIDE on cortical development are not yet well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of prenatal exposure to MERCURIC CHLORIDE on morphological characteristics of brain cortex.Methods: MERCURIC CHLORIDE (2 mg/kg) or normal saline were injected (I.P.) to 36 Sprague-dawley rats in the 8th, 9th or 10th day of gestation. The embryos were surgically removed in the 15th day of gestation, and brain cortices were studied by histological techniques.Results: Histological studies showed that embryos of MERCURIC CHLORIDE treated rats had cortical neuronal disarrangement with different orientations of nuclei, increased diameter of cortex, increased mitosis of cells, increased cell death, decreased cellular density and increased intracellular space.Conclusion: These findings suggest some micro structural abnormalities in cortical regions after prenatal exposure to MERCURIC CHLORIDE. These structural abnormalities may underlie some neurologic disturbances following mercury intoxication.

Mercury is one of the three major environmental metal poisons, and MERCURIC CHLORIDE is a highly reactive compound which can harm cells by a variety of mechanisms including direct interaction with sulphydryl groups of proteins and enzymes, therefore affecting the enzymatic activity. This study focused on the effect of Hg++ on horseradish peroxidase (donor: hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7) (HRP) (Isoenzyme C) activity. In the presence of 88 mM hydrogen peroxide Km for o-dianisidine oxidation was 0.05 millimolar and Vmax was 8.5 μM.s-1. Incubation of the enzyme with 1 to 100 millimolar MERCURIC CHLORIDE for 5-20- and 60 min resulted in progressive inhibition of the enzymatic activity. At low Hg++ concentrations the inhibition was reversible by excess substrate, while at high Hg++ concentration the inhibition was not reversible. Results also indicated that the type of inhibition depended on the duration of incubation of the enzyme with metal ion and on the Hg++ concentration. So we could conclude that the type of inhibition changed from noncompetitive to mix with increased incubation time and increased metal concentration.

MERCURIC CHLORIDE (HgCl2) is a white, cristalin and poison powder which is absorbed from GI and skin, and excreted from kidney and urine. This material is used in compound of laxative drugs, beauty creams and contrast material. Chronic poisoning with MERCURIC CHLORIDE causes sensorial, mobile, behavioral and mental disorders. Therefore 36 rates of sprague dawley were injected by MERCURIC CHLORIDE (Experimental groups) and normal saline solution (control groups) in eighth, ninth and tenth days of gestation intraperitonealy. Embryos were removed from uterus in 15th day of gestation and then tissue passage procedures micron slides were prepared and stained by H &E method and were studied by light microscope. Microscopic studies in experimental groups cells disarrangement were seen different orientation of nuclei. Cell death and extracellular space were increased and concentration of cells was decreased. Mitosis division and diameter of cortex were increased. Therefore it results show that MERCURIC CHLORIDE has theratogenic effects on embryo cortex and causes cell death and nervous disorders.

Background and Objective: MERCURIC CHLORIDE (HgCl2) is a white cristaline toxic poweder which is absorbed through gastero intentinal tract and skin, and excreted from kidney. Chronic poisoning with MERCURIC CHLORIDE causes sensorial and mobile disorders, behavioral and mental disorders. MERCURIC CHLORIDE is teratogen for embryonic organs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of HgCl2 on embryo's ventricles and spinal canal as a part of nervous system.Materials and Methods: In this study 24 female Sprague Dawley rats after scieng vaginal plague that considered at day zero of gestation were divided into four groups: One control group that injected normal saline solution and three experimental groups that injected MERCURIC CHLORIDE 2mg/kg (ip) in 8th, 9th and 10th days of gestation. Emboryos were removed from uterus on day 15th and tissue process was done and measured and analyzed with LSD and Duncan tests.Results: Ventricular and spinal cord diameters and coroidal brancbes in experimental groups were decreased significantly compared to control group (p<0.05). In addition the spinal canal diameter in control group was significantly (p<0.001) more than experimental groups. The number of coroidal branches were significantly decreased (p<0.001) in experimental groups compare to control group.Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that HgCl2 has toxic effect on nervous system including, decrease in ventricular and spinal cord diameters, and the number of coroidal branches

Introduction: MERCURIC CHLORIDE (HgC12) is a white, poison and cristalin powder which is absorbed through GI and skin, and excreted from kidney. It is used in compound of contrast material and in beauty creams and laxative drugs. Chronic poisoning with MERCURIC CHLORIDE causes sensorial, mobile, behavioral and mental disorders. To study the effect of MERCURIC CHLORIDE on the growth of the embryos. Materials & Methods: 42 rats from Sprague Dawley after seeing vaginal plague that is zero day of gestation were divided into seven groups: one intact group, three control groups that received normal saline solution and three experimental groups that injected MERCURIC CHLORIDE 2mg/kg/Ip in eighth, ninth and tenth days of gestation. Then, embryos were removed from uterus in 15th day and were studied by light microscope. Results: Microscopic study of spinal cord showed that cell death mitosis division, and extracellular space were increased and cell accumulation was decreased. Diameter of ventricular zone has been increased and diameter of mantle and marginal zones, internal and external diameter of spinal cord have been reduced. Conclution: The Present study showed that MERCURIC CHLORIDE as an apoptogenesis caused cell death and loss of neuroblasts that caused develoJ1ment of neural tube disorders. Therefore it has theratogenic effects during gestation period.

Background: Since heavy metals can accumulate in the tissues of aquatic organisms, they can cause a range of hazardous effects which can become harmful to humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of some heavy metals as potential dangerous substances by assessing the mortality effects of MERCURIC CHLORIDE (HgCl2), Lead CHLORIDE (PbCl2) and Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) pollutants on a freshwater fish, silver dollar (Metynnis fasciatus).Methods: Fish samples were exposed to different concentrations of MERCURIC CHLORIDE (HgCl2), lead CHLORIDE (Pbcl2) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) for 96h and their cumulative mortality was calculated in 24h intervals. Results were analyzed by SPSS 16 to obtain number of cumulative mortality and lethal concentrations (LC10-99).Results: LC50-96h was 0.94±0.41ppm, 86.84±1.04ppm and 32.24±1.41ppm for MERCURIC CHLORIDE, lead CHLORIDE and zinc sulfate, respectively. So, mercury had the highest toxicity to silver dollar fish.Conclusion: MERCURIC CHLORIDE and lead CHLORIDE has the lowest and highest rate of mortality among these tree metals on silver dollar fish; however, the mortality rate was increased with increasing concentrations of toxins with time.

Background and aims Plants Antioxidants are of good candidates for protection against the toxicity of industrial pollution. In this study, the protective effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Teucrium polium (TP) on MERCURIC CHLORIDE-induced nephrotoxicity was assessed.Methods: In this experimental study 28 male wistar rats were examined. Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=7) as: Control, MERCURIC CHLORIDE, MERCURIC CHLORIDE with extract of TP and extract of TP. MERCURIC CHLORIDE and TP extracts were intraperitoneally injected to the with the dose of 1.5 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg each day for 8 days, respectively.Then, blood samples were prepared and nephrotoxicity was determined by measuring serum urea and creatinine, using spectrophotometry and specific kit. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test was used for data analysis in SPSS software.Results: MERCURIC CHLORIDE caused a significant increase in serum urea and creatinine in the MERCURIC CHLORIDE group compared to the control group (P<0.05). TP extract caused a significant decrease in serum urea and creatinine in the combined TP extract with MERCURIC CHLORIDE group compared with MERCURIC CHLORIDE group (P<0.001).Conclusion: Our results showed that the extract of TP has protective effects against nephrotoxicity induced by heavy metals such as mercury

Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Rheum turkestanicum against HgCl2 hepatorenal toxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were randomly divided into five groups (n= 6 in each group) and received HgCl2 and plant’ s extract, intraperitoneally. Group1 received saline (1 mL/kg/day), group 2 received extract (200 mg/kg/day), group 3 was treated with HgCl2 (5 mg/kg/day, ) and groups 4 and 5 received the extract (100 and 200 mg/kg/day, respectively), 1 hr before HgCl2 administration. All injections last for 3 days. Blood samples and specimens of the liver and kidney were collected 24 hr after the last injection. Results: Data showed that HgCl2 significantly increases liver malondialdehyde (MDA) level, reduces total sulfhydryl content and increases serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, compared to control group. The histopathological changes such as inflammatory cells infiltration was observed in HgCl2-treated group while plant’ s extract partially improved histological changes. The extract (100 and 200 mg/kg/day) improved the liver functions as reflected by significant reductions in AST and ALT levels in serum, MDA decreased and the content of total sulfhydryl elevated. Also, the extract improved necrosis and atrophy of the kidney induced byHgCl2. Pretreatment with the extract reduced creatinine and urea in serum, and glucose and protein concentrations in urine, compared to HgCl2-treated group (group III). The extract significantly reversed HgCl2-induced depletion in thiol content and elevation in MDA content. Conclusion: Therefore, oxidative stress may play an important role in HgCl2-induced hepatorenal injury and R. turkestanicum extract may be regarded as a useful to protect the kidney and liver against HgCl2-induced oxidative damage.