Background and Aim: Today several materials have been used for ROOT- end filling in endodontic surgery. Optimal properties of Pro ROOT MTA in in-vitro and in-vivo studies have been proven. On the other hand, based on some studies, ROOT MTA (Iranian Pro ROOT MTA) and Portland cement are similar to Pro ROOT MTA in physical and biologic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate bacterial leakage (amount and mean leakage time) of four ROOT- end filling materials. Materials and Methods: In this experimental in-vitro study, seventy six extracted single- ROOTed human teeth were randomly divided into six groups for ROOT-end filling with gray Pro ROOT MTA, white Pro ROOT MTA, ROOT MTA (Iranian Pro ROOT MTA), Portland Cement (type I) and positive and negative control groups. ROOT canals were instrumented using the step- back technique. ROOT- end filling materials were placed in 3mm ultra sonic retro preparations. Samples and microleakage model system were sterilized in autoclave. The apical 3-4 mm of the ROOTs were immersed in phenol red with 3% lactose broth culture medium. The coronal access of each specimen was inoculated every 24h with a suspension of Streptococcus sanguis (ATCC 10556). Culture media were observed every 24h for color change indicating bacterial contamination for 60 days. Statistical analysis was performed using log- rank test with P<0.05 as the limit of significance. Results: At the end of study 50%, 56.25%, 56.25% and 50% of specimens filled with Gray Pro ROOT MTA, White Pro ROOT MTA. ROOT MTA and Portland Cement (type I) had evidence of leakage respectively. The mean leakage time was 37.19±6.29, 36.44±5.81, 37.69±5.97 and 34.81±6.67 days respectively. Statistical analysis of data showed no significant difference among the leakage (amount and mean leakage time) of the four tested ROOT- end filling materials (P=0.9958). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, there were no significant differences in leakage among the four tested groups at 60 days. The results suggest that ROOT MTA and Portland Cement can be used as less expensive ROOT filling materials.

Excessive alveolar bone resorption is commonly found when teeth are extracted. This is a problem in anterior part of mouth because it will result in an unaesthetic pontic on a narrow hollowed out alveolar ridge. Yet, another problem is gingival recession and ROOT exposure in adjacent teeth which represent a therapeutic problem to the clinician.Use of acellular dermal MATRIX graft is an appropriate solution to obtain ROOT coverage in areas with localized or generalized soft tissue recessions, particularly if the recessions create aesthetic concern or ROOT sensitivity or shallow ROOT caries lesions. This case report describes a surgical technique using acellular dermal MATRIX graft on a class III ridge defect and Millers grade II gingival recessions.There was a gain in both bucco-lingual and apico-coronal dimensions of the ridge, in both height and width directions, when compared to baseline and after 3 months. Recession was also covered compared to the baseline condition.

Background and Aim: Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) is a material used in many endodontic problems.Recently a number of studies have reported that Portland Cement (PC) and MTA have similar physical, chemical and biologic properties. In addition, a material known as ROOT MTA which is produced in Iran has been claimed to have similar properties to Pro ROOT MTA. If these claims are true, possible use of PC and ROOT MTA in clinic instead of Pro ROOT MTA will be quite cost effective. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of Pro ROOT MTA, ROOT MTA and Portland Cement on L929 mouse fibroblasts.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 0, 4, 24 hours and 7 days' extracts of materials were transferred to cell culture plates containing L929 fibroblasts. After 24 hours incubation, cells were stained by Neutral Red (NR), and optical density (OD) of each cell was read with ELISA reader. Data were analyzed using Tukey HSD and one way analysis of variance. P<0.05 was considered as the level of significance.Results: In all surveyed groups and negative control group, at all time points separated cells from the base of the well were round. Refraction which is a characteristic of cellular death was not observed, whereas the separated cells from the base of well in positive control group showed refractional characteristic.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study Pro ROOT MTA, PC and ROOT MTA have the same biocompatibility. PC seems to have the potential to be used in the same clinical situation as MTA. However in order to replace MTA with these less expensive materials more in vitro and in vivo studies are suggested.

In this article, we are to find the ROOT of a square MATRIX A. Specially, if MATRIX A has multiple eigenvalues, we present a manual solution so as to find the ROOT of it. In other words, we focus on solving the equation X2=A and find the solutions.

Background and Aim: The goal of endodontics is to seal the ROOT canal system from the orifice to apical constriction completely and tridimensionally. Hence perforations during ROOT canal therapy, because of caries or resorptions must be sealed and obturated with ideal materials. The aim of this study was to histologically compare two kinds of mineral trioxide aggregate ROOT MTA and Pro ROOT MTA for furcal perforation repair in developed teeth in dog. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, thirty teeth consisting of second, third and fourth mandibular premolars of five German shepherd dogs were selected. Twenty-four teeth were randomly divided into four experimental groups (6 teeth each). One pair of ROOT MTA and Pro ROOT MTA groups studied in one month and the other in three months intervals. Positive and negative control groups was each contained three teeth. In positive control group, perforations were not treated and negative control group contained intact teeth. In experimental groups perforations repaired after one week exposure to oral cavity with ROOT MTA or Pro ROOT MTA. After time intervals animals were subjected to vital perfusion and 6 mm histologic sections were prepared. Inflammation and hard tissue formation were ranked by Cox criteria. Data were analysed using Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square statistical tests with P<0.05 as the limit of significance. Results: There was statistically significant lower inflammation and higher hard tissue formation in three months ROOT MTA and Pro ROOT MTA groups compared to one month interval (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in inflammation and hard tissue formation between ROOT MTA and Pro ROOT MTA in each intervals (P>0.05). Conclusion: Mineral Trioxide Aggregate is an adequate material for furcal perforation repair in dog’s teeth. ROOT MTA could be a good substitute for Pro ROOT MTA considering the lower cost and similar characteristics.

Statement of Problem: One of the factors affecting the degree of polymerization of light-cured composites is the type of light-curing unit used. In addition, physicomechanical properties of the composite resins depend on the degree of conversion and polymerization.Objectives: Since the type of initiator in new composite resins is not explained by manufacturers, this study is an attempt to compare the depth of hardening, with two LED and QTH light-curing units.Materials and Methods: Fifteen samples prepared from Gradia Direct and Filtek Z250, both of which being universal, were cured with QTH (Astralis 7) and LED (Bluephase C8) light-curing units. All the samples were molded in polyester resin and cut from the middle by a disk. The hardness of the cut area was evaluated at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4-mm depth intervals and also at the same interval as the width of the sample, with Vickers hardness machine, while the samples were placed in a darkroom. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, t-test and post Hoc Tukey’s tests in SPSS, version 16.Results: Filtek Z250 was harder than Gradia Direct at all the depth with both light-curing units. The hardness of Filtek Z250 sample cured with Astralis 7 was higher than that cured with LED, but with Gradia Direct the LED unit resulted in higher hardness. Curing depth was not significantly different between the groups (p=0.109).Conclusions: Vickers hardness number for both composites used in this study is in an acceptable range for clinical implications. The composites’ composition is important to be considered for selection of light unit. Based on the findings of the present study, LED did not present more curing depth compared with QTH.

The aim of the present study was the histological evaluation of Enamel MATRIX Derivative (EMD) effectiveness for regeneration of periodontal defects. EMD activates cementum synthesis, PDL and bone during the maturation stage of follicole. In this research, EMD was used in surgical defects of premolar teeth in four adult sheep. Muccoperiosteal flap was reflected in buccal site of teeth. The buccal bone plate was removed from mesial to distal in 4 mm depth. After eliminating the cementum by bur and its etching, EMD was applied on exposed dentine and flap was sutured. In opposite sites of those teeth (control sites) the same process was performed without etching. After 100 days, sheep were sacrificed and histological study through light microscopic was performed on black sections of operation sites. The results showed that in test sites, regeneration of cementum and bone was 62/5% and 42/5-50% respectively. But in control sites regeneration of cementum and bone was 37.5% and 32/5-42/5% respectively. Also the migration of junctional epithelium in control sites was 8-10% more than test sites. The important point is that in test sites, cementum was completely attached to undermining dentine. But, in control sites, the gap between cementum and dentine was visible. As a result, this study suggests that EMD promotes periodontal regeneration, and EMD application is a successful achievement in regenerative periodontal therapy.