Taknar Polymetal MASSIVE SULFIDE deposit is located at 28 km NW of Bardaskan within the Taknar inlier zone bordered with Doruneh and Taknar (Rivash) faults. Mineralization is dominantly hosted in Ordovician schists and has been dissected and displaced. The purpose of this research is to investigate and propose an appropriate geophysical exploration method for detecting new covered MASSIVE SULFIDE in the Taknar formation. Total Magnetic Intensity (TMI) was measured on a total of 10 survey lines in 300 points on Tak I, II and IV. This ground magnetic data showed very characteristic magnetic anomalies over surface mineralization on Tak I and U. Magnetic anomalies similar to Tak-I and II were observed in areas of Tak IV where mineralization is not seen on the surface. Mineralogical studies of samples taken from surface and old underground tunnel in Tak I and II showed variable amounts (5% to 65%) of magnetite along with SULFIDE mineralization. Country rock associated with mineralization has no magnetite. Measured Magnetic susceptibilities over schist samples as host rock in comparison with mineralized samples showed that the former is 1000 times weaker than the latter. This contrast is 10000 times between the MASSIVE part of mineralization and the country rock. Consequently there is a direct relation between magnetic anomaly and mineralization. Therefore, the strong contrast between the amount of magnetite in the deposit and host rock makes Taknar mineralization an ideal target for magnetic method. Quantitative interpretation of measured magnetic anomalies on Tak I assuming zero remnant components, constraining the depth to the top of the causative body to the surface on the basis of field evidence and susceptibility is constrained to the average range of the measured samples showed that the depth of the source extends to 147 meter. Comparison of magnetic anomalies on Tak I obtained from this research with the previous work of reported IP showed that these two anomalies are spatially coincident, but the former is larger in extension and amplitude than the latter. It is concluded that magnetic method is more effective and less expensive than other geophysical methods for discovery of similar MASSIVE SULFIDE mineralization in the Taknar zone.

The Sargaz MASSIVE SULFIDE deposit is situated near Jiroft (south-east Kerman), in the southern Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone. The host rocks are Upper Triassic to lower Jurassic(?) pillow basalt. The occurrence of mineralization in basaltic to basaltic andesite, the existence of Jaspilite and Fe-Mn horizons in distal part of the deposit, the occurrence of a stringer zone discordantly under MASSIVE ore, the presence of pyrite as the main SULFIDE mineral, brecciated textures and mineralogical zonation in the MASSIVE ore, all suggest that the Sargaz deposit can be classified as a volanogenic MASSIVE SULFIDE deposit. The mineralogy is reasonably simple, with pyrite being the main SULFIDE mineral, with lesser chalcopyrite and sphalerite. On the basis of different generation of minerals, shape, size, their mutual geometry, relative timing of crosscutting structures and replacement features, brecciated textures and mineralogical zonation indicate that the growth history of the Sargaz deposit was complex due to syn and post depositional processes. Based on mineralogical, textural and paragenetic relationships, four principal stages of mineralization are recognized. Stage I mainly consist of fine grained pyrite (As rich), and locally sphalerite, quartz and barite. Framboidal pyrite, colloform pyrite and sphalerite were formed during this stage. After stage 1 mineralization, collapse of the SULFIDE mounds took place probably due to dissolution of anhydrite matrix, producing accumulations of pyrite breccias. Following this mound collapse, during stage II, pyrite (Co rich), sphalerite, tetrahedrite-tenantite and galena were formed as euhedral and coarse grains. Stage III deposits consist of chalcopyrite replacements and zone refining process. During this stage, due to zone refining, a chalcopyrite-pyrite zone was developed at the lower part of the MASSIVE SULFIDE lens and a sphalerite-rich zone formed in the upper part. During stage IV, over refining process, led to the dissolution of stage III chalcopyrite and base-metal depleted pyrite body in the lowermost part of the MASSIVE SULFIDE lens and carbonate veins were emplaced into the SULFIDE lens replacing earlier barite.

Barika gold mineralization occurred in a Cretaceous metavolcano-sedimentary sequence at northwestern Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. Major units in this area include Cretaceous Submarine volcano-sedimentary rocks. Host rock of mineralization is rhyolite to rhyolitic tuff unit which is completely in Barika shear zone. Mineralization occurred as lenticular ore bodies that has developed parallel to Barika shear zone foliation. Mineralization from footwall to hanging wall consists of: 1- Silica-SULFIDE zone, which includes two part, pyrite-rich part and quartz with SULFIDE veins that crossed with shear zone foliation. Gold grade in pyrite-rich part is between 0.02 to 5 ppm and in quartz SULFIDE-bearing veins is between 0.05 to 0.5 ppm. 2- SULFIDE and sulfosalt-rich zone. This zone contains of two part, pyrite-sphalerite-sulfosalt and MASSIVE pyrite part. Gold grade in this zone is 0.02 to more than 100 ppm. 3- MASSIVE barite ore zone. This zone included of some barite lenses that longer lens has 10 thickness and about 60 m length. This zone is contained two parts, a SULFIDE and sulfosalt-rich part and SULFIDE and sulfosalt-poor part. Gold grade in SULFIDE and sulfosalt-rich part is between 0.02 to 25 ppm. Major minerals in mineralization zones are pyrite, sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite-tenantite, bournonite-boulangerite, twinnite-veenite, stibnite, electrom, chalcopyrite and covelite. Electron microprobe studies on different minerals showed that gold occurs as electrom, and in minerals compose such as pyrite, galena and sulfosalts. The most important characteristics of mineralization of the Barika gold mineralization such as tectonic setting, host rocks, mineralogy, metal contents and metal zonation, wall rock alterations, shows similarities with gold-rich volcanogenic MASSIVE SULFIDE (VMS) deposits, e.g. , Rosbery, Hellyer and Que River deposits in Tasmania and some Kuroko type deposits at Hokuroko Basin, Japan.

Copper mineralization in Nudeh Cu deposit and Frezy, Garab, Kalateh lala (Nieran) and Chun occurrences, located in southwest of Sabzevar hosted by a Upper Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequence formed in a rift environment. The main is host rock of the Nudeh Cu SULFIDE deposit includes alkali olivine basalt flow and subordinate tuffaceous silty sandstone. Host rock of the Ferizy and Garab occurrences is andesite flow. The rock forming mineral of Kalateh lala (Nieran) and Chun occurrences is tuffaceous silty sandstone. SULFIDE mineralization in the Nudeh deposit and occurrences within an Upper Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequence occurs as sheet-like &tabular shape within three ore horizons. Based on nature of SULFIDE mineralization, mineralogy and textures of SULFIDE minerals, the Nudeh deposit can be divided into three different ore facies. Based on their situation towards the vent of mineralizing fluid, these facies include: A) Vein-veinlets facies (Stringer zone) includes SULFIDE veins and silica that form as a scissors of host rocks under the MASSIVE ore facies. Vein-veinlets and replacement textures formed main features of this facies. B) MASSIVE ore facies that forms the thicker part of generally MASSIVE higher grade ores in west of the deposit and includes SULFIDE mineralization with heterogeneous nature and strata bound, limited in the alkali olivine basalt flow. C) Bedded ore facies which is thinner than the MASSIVE ore facies and is characterized by layered and banded apparent and low grade ore. The rock forming mineral of this facies is tuffaceous silty sandstone. This facies occurs as laminated and banded SULFIDEs contemporaneous with the host rocks layering at eastern part of the deposit. Mineralogy of Nudeh deposit includes chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite, sphalerite, boulangerite and magnetite wall rock alterations are dominated by silicification, chloritization, sericitization and epidotization. The most important characteristics of mineralization at the Nudeh deposit such as tectonic setting, host rocks, mineralogy, metal content as well as wall rock alterations, show similarities with volcanogenic MASSIVE SULFIDE (VMS) deposits. Accordingly, Nudeh Cu deposit is regarded as a Besshi - or pelitic mafic VMS deposit.

The study area is located in north of Tehran province. This area is a part of central Alborz zone. Intrusive (basic) and extrusive bodies of late Eocene, have caused several alteration zones. Au- Cu and Pb-Zn mineralization evidences have been found in Darband and Pass-Qaleh areas. The average grade of Pb and Zn in this area is 5% and 3% and the average of Au-Ag is 600 – 10 ppm respectively. Also the amount of 25 and 65 gram per tons has been reported for Au – Ag in this area. Main lithology of this area are volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Eocene. Considering the fact that there is an appropriate stratigraphic situation between lower shale and lithic tuffs for mineralization and due to structural conditions of the area, the conditions of MASSIVE SULFIDE ore forming (Kuroko type) are provided. The major and most important field evidences of this opinion are: The presence of propylitic, serisitic, argillic alterations and their placement; the mineralization type (pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, jasperoides and Mn-bearing minerals and barite and its sequences and zoning; the existence of thin layers of pyrite in silicified tuffs; Gold mineralization in SULFIDEs minerals; the existence of late hydrothermal phases with increasing of gold ratio and the presence of hydrothermal breccia and silicified veinlet which cut the MASSIVE SULFIDEs. In addition, geochemical halos which have extended about 150 meters lead to a polymetalic MASSIVE SULFIDE mineralization that is similar to Kuroko type mineralization.

The Nohkuhi copper deposit located at 40 Km Northwest of Kerman, occurred in the Central Iran structural zone (Bafq-Posht-e-Badam block), within Late Precambrian-Early Cambrian volcano-sedimentary sequences. Host sequence of mineralization consists of dominantly black shale, sandstone and dacitic lava of Rizu Series. Mineralization occurred as stratabound (vein-veinlets) and stratiform (bedded) in the three copper-and two iron-manganese horizons. The mineralization in the Nohkuhi area involves four ore facieses including stringer, vent complex, bedded, and hydrothermal-exhalative banded iron and manganese-rich sediments. Ore textures are dominantly vein-veinlets, laminated, banded, MASSIVE, semi-MASSIVE, brecciated, and disseminated. This mineralization contains primary pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, hematite and pyrolusite, and secondary malachite, covelline, digenite, gypsum and Fe-Mn oxide and hydroxides. Gangue minerals are dominated by calcite, barite, quartz and chlorite. Wallrock alterations are dominated by chloritic and carbonatic-sericitic-silicic. Based on geochemistry of ore, metal zonation was observed in the deposit as enrichment of Cu in the stringer zone, and enrichment of Pb, Zn and Ag in the bedded facies. Considering the most important characteristics of mineralization at the Nohkuhi area, such as tectonic setting, host rocks, ore textures and structures, mineralogy, metal and alteration zonation, and comparison of the mineralization with main characters of the volcanogenic MASSIVE SULFIDE (VMS) deposits, the mineralization shows most similarities with the siliciclastic felsic or Bathurst-type deposits.

Barika gold mineralization occurred in a Cretaceous metavolcano-sedimentary sequence at northwestern Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. Gold-rich volcanogenic MASSIVE SULFIDE mineralization occurred in a rhyolite to rhyolitic tuff unit which is completely in Barika shear zone. Based on electron microprobe studies, gold is observed to form electrum mostly, and in lattice of other minerals, such as pyrite, galena, tetrahedrite- tenantite, bournonite- boulangerite, twinte- vinnite. The main effect of deformation on the gold mineralization is migration of submicroscopic gold to cracks and crystal defects in minerals to form electrum under low to moderate strain and release of electrum from fractured mineral under higher strain. This behavior of gold can increase recovery of gold in Au-bearing ore deposits (Huston et al., 1992).    

The Chah Gaz Zn-Pb-Cu volcanogenic MASSIVE SULFIDE (VMS) deposit is a polydeformed, polymetamorphosed ore body in southern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. The ore bodies are comprised predominantly of stratiform, tabular and lenticular MASSIVE SULFIDE lenses and are elongated in 060o-070o orientation. The host rocks and MASSIVE SULFIDEs have been complexly deformed during three deformation stages (D1, D2, D3) and two associated episodes of green schist facies metamorphism (M1, M2) that all events occurred after middle Jurassic. The earliest structural elements in the mine area are bedding and continuous foliation (S1) that are preserved in the host rocks; include phyllites, slates and schists. F1 folds have not been identified in the ore bodies, Although they do recognized as shallowly to moderately plunging to NW and isoclinal folds within the Chah Gaz area. Geometry of ore bodies was mainly controlled by D2 structures (include folds and foliations). F2 plunge shallowly to NE or SW. F2 are close to open and their axial planes dip steeply to S and N. Ore bodies are commonly transposed from S0-S1 and show rearrangement parallel to axial planar foliation (AS2) and composite foliation (ST2). ST2 is vertical and strikes NE-SW. SULFIDE minerals in the ore bodies have undergone extensive deformation, remobilization and dynamic recrystallisation during D2 tectono-thermal stage. D3 structures are locally controller of ore bodies and include folds and shear zones.

Barika area is located on south of Western Azerbaijan, Province, 27km. East in Sardasht .Gold-silver mineralization is located in a Cretaceous metavolcano-sedimentary sequence at northwestern Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. Major units in this area include Cretaceous Submarine volcano-sedimentary rocks. Host rock of mineralization is andesite to tracky andesite which is completely in Barika shear zone.The objective of this research, is finding hydrothermal alterations Zone by remote sensing technology and best processing technique of ASTER and ETM satellite image.In this research, different processing of satellite image such as Band Ratio method, principle component Analysis (PCA), Mineral Spectral Mapping have been used.In order to recognize alteration area, the authors used USGS laboratory spectral and Match Filtering algorithm and spectral of image for identification and delineation of the alteration minerals associated with gold mineralization. The obtained results of processing satellite images in this area showed different minerals such as sericitic, chloritic, calcitic, epidotic alterations, and Iron oxide minerals. Intense sericitic alteration is in the center of alteration system and chloritic, calcitic an epidotic alteration is in surrounding area. According to the field studies, Iron oxide minerals that observed with sericitic alteration are due to oxidation of SULFIDE minerals in mineralogy zones.The obtained results of processing satellite images in this area could be suitable guides for better discovery of this type of mineralogy in similar areas.

Rock unites which are exposed in Tak-I mine area are: Taknar formation (Ordovician), Mid-late Paleozoic and younger intrusive rocks. Taknar formation consists of sericite schist, chlorite schist, chlorite-sericite schist and some meta-diabase- gabbro-diorite. Taknar Polymetal (Cu-Zn-Au- Ag-Pb) MASSIVE SULFIDE deposit formed at certain horizon of Taknar formation. Three style of mineralization are: stockwork, layered and MASSIVE. Due to strong tectonic activity in the area, dimension and geometry of deposit are being changed. Para genetic minerals within the MASSIVE and layered are: magnetite + pyrite + chalcopyrite ± sphalerite ± galena ± sulphosalt ±gold + chlorite ± carbonate± Seri cite. Magnetite is the main mineral in the MASSIVE zone. Par agenesis within stock work are: pyrite + chalcopyrite ±magnetite + chlorite + quartz + sericite ±carbonate. Based on mineral par agenesis, the ore bearing solution had the following condition: T≥ 270°C, pH= 5 -7, Logƒ02 = (-29) to (-30). Also, The range of chemical composition of some elements within Tak-I MASSIVE SULFIDE is as follow :Cu = %0.01 - %5.86, Zn = 269 -15600 (ppm), Pb = 27 - 4400 (ppm), Au = 0.86 - 7.53 (ppm), Ag = 2.4 - 95.1 (ppm), Bi = 34 - 2200 (ppm).Based on the par agenesis, alteration, style of mineralization, petrography, geochemistry, and structure, Tak-I is part of MASSIVE SULFIDE deposit. Due to high content of Cu, Zn, Au, Ag and Pb, Taknar MASSIVE SULFIDE deposit is a polymetal deposit. Based on high magnetite within SULFIDEs and lack of pyrrhotite, Taknar is a special MASSIVE SULFIDE deposit.