Due to avoiding utilization of human figures and abstaining from idolatry, decorations have specific geometry in Islamic art and architecture. One of the striking characteristics of the knots (girih) that has caused to dynamicity throughout its thousand-year history is its regeneration and diversification of the diverse geometric properties. Girih tiling decoration is part of geometric arts in the traditional buildings of the HISTORIC town of MASOULEH dates back to eight hundred years. Traditional and local architects of this HISTORICal town have adopted special and intellectual plans for creating visual attractions in expression and creation of girih tiling in the walls of the monuments. One of these valuable solutions is diverse geometric decorations patterns. Since the main facades of the houses in this town are directly located in the sunrise direction and it is accepted landscape for the citizens of this HISTORICal town, so the artists have shown their art and style in this part of the monument and built beautiful and harmonic diverse wooden windows and variety of these patterns are seen in all five neighborhoods in this town. Girih tiling consists of straight and broken lines on a regular basis that could be reasonably expanded in the surface. In the present study, it has been tried to classify the decorations in girih tiling in the neighborhood of MASOULEH and also investigate girih tiling including scrolls and edges, and also the role of decoration in this element. The methodology of the research is based on field study and direct observation of the monuments and decorations and taking image and converting into Auto CAD files with dimensional analysis. Also, for description of girih tiling, descriptive and library studies have been conducted. Questions that the research seeks to answer in this paper are: Can it 8 D be offered a defined pattern for opening girih tilingby analyzing of the decorations in neighborhood of Khanehbar in MASOULEH? And also is the largest usage of the patterns seen in scrolls (middle or central plan)? Does scroll use most patterns in its margins? The girih tiling patterns of “gavarehbari” with “boteh jegeh” designs (paisley), eight squares ornamental layout, rectangular, “hasht-chahr longeh tokhmedar”, and gavarehbari with the scales patterns are more common patterns. Fourteen patterns were seen in studying the girih tiling patterns employed in the combined windows that “alat jafari chokhati” and then rectangular tiling and seven and eight sides tiling patterns were common. The patterns used in the friezes are mostly eight squares layouts. The most common patterns in the margins are four- side tiling in all parts. Diverse patterns of girih tiling, besides with diverse combinations resulted from placing together and offering shapes in the friezes and marginal patterns have offered rich visual ornamentation in the HISTORICal city of MASOULEH. Such studies aid reproduction of these patterns in the contemporary fine arts while preservation and documentation of the fine and visual patterns in the Iranian girih tiling.

Algen is HISTORIC VILLAGE in South Zagros, located in 63km north of Dehdasht in Charousa district, Kohgiluyeh & Boyer Ahmad Province. The existence of HISTORICal structures & socio-cultural relations that have been formed over time in the heart of the ancient fabric, and the sparse oak forests in the region, has transformed Algen into a unique biological complex that necessitates the identification of cultural assets and the preservation of its natural-HISTORICal structures. Establishment of the VILLAGE beside the Algen Strait, which was the only HISTORICal way to access Lendeh & Behbahan, and the existence of water-resources and potential of agricultural plots, has led to the formation of intricate structures of HISTORICal fabric in a linear direction the northern hill. Collecting the oral history of the VILLAGE & focus on its Socio-Cultural assets, the Research emphasizes on HISTORICal structures that shapes the general features of the VILLAGE and tries to identify its indigenous housing patterns, construction techniques & their transformation process. The article seeks to recognize different aspects of Sustainability in vernacular dwellings and give accurate answers to the following questions: -Which factors have influenced on the formation of the linear HISTORIC core-zone of the settlement? -What is the typology and spatial structure of indigenous housing patterns in the VILLAGE? -What is the connection between HISTORICal construction techniques and local materials? -Which parameters in the climatic design of the vernacular buildings of the VILLAGE, have been considered by the local architects? Due to the lack of written studies on the history of settlements in the region, particularly Algen, the article by citing comprehensive field studies & documentation, use analytical-interpretive approach to identify the HISTORIC core zone of the VILLAGE. According to the results, the linear structure of HISTORIC zone of the settlement (with a northwest-southeast direction) formed in accordance with the topographic lines of the geographical context on the northern hill, which had a good view to the Algen strait that facilitated the defense of the VILLAGE against invaders. By analyzing the plans of HISTORICal residential units (30 Samples), three spatial patterns including nine-part (Tu) type, simple rooms’ type and multi Rooms with Porches (Mansion) type were identified. Although the construction techniques are consistent with local materials (carcass stone, oak trunks and gypsum mortar), but the use of local methods, their technological progress and attention to sustainability in Design process can be seen in the vernacular dwellings of the HISTORIC Fabric.

The HISTORIC background of residential areas show that territorial behavior is respectful for inhabitants, designers and architects, and it is considered as something necessary for living. what we are going to explore here is levels of territorial behavior which are called Understanding Territories and their distinguishing featureis illegal ownership of the clients. The territories play a pivotal role in forming the organic physical structures of HISTORIC textures and can be classified at four levels: the territory impacted by place inhabitant, the territory influenced by accessibility system, the neighboring territory and the territory impacted by ritual system. Research method, in this paper, is qualitative and the case study is to create Talarpish (Balcony)in HISTORIC city of Maosuleh; It is tried to analyse the issues according to physical and social structures of the city. The results indicated general satisfaction, neighborhood satisfaction, respect to access routes and ritual system of Alambaranis examples which has been respected by Talarpish (Balcony) applicant in MASOULEH. Understanding territories in collective mentality of Iranian has HISTORICally been Sustainable and can with their mechanism updating be used in the management of HISTORICal places.

The town of MASOULEH is located some 60 km away from Rasht (Guilan, Iran) , 30 km southwest of Fooman, in a mountainous and forested area. Its elevation is 1050 m above sea level and it is established on a rocky slope having a unique architecture in Iran and even in the world. The harmony between architecture and natural and geographic environment, is exclusive and astounding and has been documented as a national heritage under the code of 1090. Therefore ,the preservation and conservation of this natural collection is very important both for the present and future. However, at the present time this town is facing with various natural and man-made hazards such as debris falls, floods, mudflows, earthquakes, and human caused problems resulting from development projects. These factors maximize the risk probablity. On the other hand, evidence suggests that the previous location of MASOULEH has been 5 km away from the present place, and there do exist the remains of human civilization. Natural disasters have destroyed the old MASOULEH. Natural hazards can cause hazards and change likely dangers to disasters. This hazards are: natural climatic conditions, hydrological, geological, biological and technological effects.To identify the Natural hazards of MASOULEH, the author has studied and used statistical meteorological, hydrological data in the framework of a research plan at Islamic Azad University (Rasht Branch).This article also makes attempts to present the geographic location of the old city of MASOULEH and discover the hazards and risks that threaten people both at present and future.

Studies of stream and river ecosystems in Iran are very sketchy and their information is rather general and vague. Understanding various aspects of river systems is vital for their management and protection. The present study was aimed to obtain and present information on key stream populations and evaluate their responses to arrays of environmental gradients as a model for other north Iran (Guilan) streams. During the study, in the period of 6 months (summer - autumn 2010) 23 diatom genera were identified from MASOULEH stream. Physical and chemical parameters including temperature, electron conductivity (EC), pH, Fe, salinity, nitrate and orthophosphate were measured and analyzed in water column simultaneously. CCA test showed that EC, pH, Fe and salinity were the most important factors controlling diatom distribution. Values of two major components of CCA differed significantly (P<0.05). DCA analysis was used to observe taxonomic differences and similarities between diatom genera in different sites. We found that chemical parameters exert stronger impacts on diatom population than physical factors although studying of both parameters were essential to have an accurate understanding of stream health assessment and status. Diatom indices (diversity, evenness, TDI and PTI) provided useful information on biosenosis of the MASOULEH stream and therefore application of this index is recommended for other streams in northern Iran.

Introduction-Over a long period of time, rural landscape has been established by the relationship between nature and humans. Landscapes are recognized as a part of the natural, HISTORICal, cultural, and scientific heritage. The rural landscape patterns are particular contexts because of having cultural characteristics. Humans have survived by gathering wood and grass for fertilizer, fuel, fishing in the rivers, creating agricultural fields, burning woodlands and construction materials. They expanded the agricultural fields by managing water and rural forests serve as the sink of resources used by humans for daily life and agriculture. Nowadays People do not need organic fertilizer and housing materials as before. As local residents in rural areas tend to use modern technology, preservation of cultural values and natural attractions should not be underestimated, so many criteria must be considered in order to achieve sustainability. The rural landscapes are particular due to cultural characteristics. The definition of landscape can be identified as an area where is the result of nature and human interaction. The rural landscapes are particular due to cultural characteristics. As local residents in rural areas tend to use modern technology, preservation of cultural values and natural attractions should not be underestimated. In rural contexts, primary activities such as agriculture and forestry are no longer the only ones that influence landscape structures. Some rural areas have potential value due to outstanding nature and unique landscape; While soil fertility and the capacity to produce goods were the basis of landscape appreciation in the past, it is now aesthetic, environmental, and heritage qualities which make landscapes appreciable. Human manipulations of the nature which are basically due to socio-economic development have been on the rise in the world since the industrial revolution. These have affected the rural ecosystem entity, by decreasing biodiversity, destroying amenities, and so on. While local residents in rural areas tend to use modern technology and development, preservation of traditions and cultural values, use of local materials and methods of building and conserving the natural attraction points should be highly emphasized. Materials & methods-This research was done by describing the process of developing a methodology for investigating the fundamental characteristics of the sustainable rural landscape in HISTORIC VILLAGE “ Furg” . It is vital to study those areas where have undergone the least changes in order to refrain further unnecessarily changes and retain sustainability in both cultural and constructional sectors. Furg is a VILLAGE in Darmian Rural District, in the central district of darmian county, south khorasan province, Iran. Furg Castle is located on the north side of the VILLAGE at an altitude of 1840 meters on the edge of the heights of Darmian Valley leading to Asadiyeh plain. It has a good strategic situation, because it has a commanding view of the entire VILLAGE, farms and roads around its eastern region. The researcher documented the process and illustrated an individual’ s search for the method that would suit the research problem. Some qualitative researchers believe that in-depth qualitative research is especially well suited for revealing higher-level concepts and theories that are not unique to a particular participant or setting. The “ grounded theory” and “ participant observation” are the qualitative methods that particularly suited to the areas of rural social research. Grounded theory is an analytic method for constructing theories from inductive qualitative data. Data collection and analysis inform each other in an iterative process as researchers make their ideas. It has been done with Memo-writing and Theoretical sampling; Memo writing to elaborate categories, specify their properties, define relationships between categories and identify gaps. The new features enhance the brief sections headed by clear section headings. Discussion & Results-This research reviews the backgrounds and meanings of “ fundamental of landscape characteristics in Furg. The rural landscapes have become a space with different functions from those of past. There are many criteria which must be considered in order to achieve sustainability; such as specific cultural backgrounds, which have influenced on the settlement patterns of regions and countries. The main driving force in landscape change is the human impact on rural landscapes. The changes in agricultural systems and socio-economic environments in rural landscapes, have led to changes in rural ecosystems. As a result, human activities in the areas create special features in rural landscape. The research analyzed the rural landscape and finally indicates the main characteristics that shape the unique landscape of Furg VILLAGE; and shows that the landscape is seen here as symbols of these bachground. The nature and the special manner of lives have reduced the possibility of cultural interference; as a result it keeps their old customs and traditions. Thus, unlike other countrys’ rural areas they did not replace the building materials. The results show that Furg's rural landscape is based on characteristic features; including: "Homogeneity of VILLAGE Texture with Context", "Rise of Architectural Pattern by Land and Climate Form", ” lack of diversity of agricultural perspective", "Overcome beliefs and opinions on the development of the rural landscape" and "security-based development perspective and their influence on rural landscape". Conclusions-Each part of the landscape has its distinctive character, which offers a unique sense of place. Current condition of a landscape can be a reliable indicator of future trends and areas in need of further attention. The economy of rural areas has always been strongly dependent on natural resources exploitation. In recent years the lifestyles of most people in rural areas have changed due to modern technology. Recent technological advancements in exploitation, loss of rural livelihood, and increased social demand for the amenity aspects of these resources have dramatically changed rural landscape and visual quality. The cultural change has affected the form and appearance of VILLAGEs. Many VILLAGErs have left to bigger towns and cities. The main issue is that changes are growing very rapidly. Furg has maintained its original architecture, traditional customs and the language. They have barely changed due to the isolated location of the VILLAGE. This study calls for further research to establish stronger links between sustainable landscape theories and rural sustainability. Despite the limitations, we believe this framework is a useful approach to rural landscape sustainability.

Sash windows are windows where the glazed panels are opened by sliding vertically with colored glasses that can pass sunlight with different colors in proportion to the hours and intensity of radiation. MASOULEH HISTORICal city is one of the areas with the most remarkable sash windows in its architecture. In this research, it is tried to categorize various types of sash windows in MASOULEH HISTORICal city. It is also tried to analyze and evaluate the visual, structural, functional and light features of sash window. The present research has used field method and descriptive-analytic studies to achieve these goals. The results of the research indicate that sash windows in MASOULEH can be categorized in 6 different types of diverse sash windows, such as non-porous market sash windows, double glazed one-Daraki sash windows, two-Daraki sash windows, three-Daraki sash windows, four-Daraki sash windows, and five-Daraki sash windows. Also, by reviewing and analyzing the visual and structural features of MASOULEH's sash window, the main reasons for the appearance of different types of sash windows are as follows: creating more human dimensions in the dimensions of the openings, creating a suitable covering (Hijab) for users in the interior, creating visual visibility proportional to user-friendly conditions (Animating), increasing physical protection from older users and children, reducing energy consumption, as well as weight reduction in buildings in order to reduce vulnerability to earthquakes. Research objectives 1. Investigating, introducing and categorizing different types of sash windows in MASOULEH HISTORICal city. 2. Understanding the visual and structural features of sash windows in MASOULEH HISTORICal homes. Research questions 1. How many different types of sash windows are in the MASOULEH HISTORICal city? 2. What factors affect the formation of the visual and structural features of sash windows in MASOULEH HISTORICal houses?

The objective of this study was to define different erosions types in the drainage basin of MASOULEH Rudkhan and to determine the rate of erosion and production of sediments. The factors affecting erosion such as phsiography, topography, climatic condition, hydrology, geology, geomorphology and vegetation were investigated. This drainage basin has an area of about 227.72 km2. Based on the geomorphological survey, 3 joints, 18 geomorphological faces and 229 primitive joints could be determined. The rate of erosion and sediment production of every work-joint were studied, employing geomorphological units (qualitative) and E.P.M. method (quantitative). The sub-drainage basin number 4 showed the highest erosion rate (2.1) and the largest sediment productions (94081 m3). This is due to the effects of slope and low resident of shale, clay and silt as well as the change of land use and. The sub-drainage basin number 8 showed the lowest rate of erosion (0.69) and sediment production (12297.5 m3) owing to the natural resistance of such stones as diorite, gneiss and gabbro. The results showed that in every geomorphic unit, the resistance of stone against erosion was the most important parameter and that the most important eroding factor was the change of land use and forest destruction. Furthermore, there was a logic relation between the geomorhological units and the rate of erosion. Thus, the use of E.P.M. model in this case was found to be appropriate and logical.

The HISTORIC fabric in Bushehr is significant in terms of its architecture and urban planning. It is in a process of deterioration, however. Urban development causes the evacuation of the fabric or its occupation by low income groups. This in turn results in reduced investment and consequently further dilapidation of this fabric. One way to reverse this cycle is to introduce a compatible land use policy which will attract investment to the HISTORIC fabric. The paper reviews the implications of establishing a faculty for architecture, urban planning and applied arts and its dependent activities in the HISTORIC fabric as measure of revitalization.

Due to its great significance and numerous pre-HISTORIC sites, the southern district of the Qazvin Plain has been at the foreground of various explorations and excavations. However, the questions and uncertainties generated by previous findings and the settlement patterns of this site during the Bronze and Iron ages prompted the authors to review it. In doing so, a number of sites belonging to the Bronze and Iron ages were identified, which may be helpful in demonstrating the settlement patterns of the Plain. Introducing Yass Tepe in Joharin VILLAGE, this article aimed at showing the significance of this site during the Bronze and Iron ages and illustrating the settlement patterns in the southern district of the Qazvin Plain in the specified periods. The explorations of Yass Tepe and its magnitude revealed that the excavations were not sufficiently extensive and that, despite previous observations, there are a number of sites belonging to the Bronze Age in this region. In addition, explorations in this site proved to be significant in providing an understanding of the settlement patterns.