The view at the apparent composition of the streets of a city is the first visual perception of each person from that city. CHAHAR-BAGH Abbasi Street is a valuable centerpiece in identity of Isfahan as a historical city. Over time, due to the fatigue of structures, erosion and unplanned renovations, some significant changes have been made in the physical form of this axis, and the identity aspects of the CHAHARBAGH axis have been undermined. By investigating CHAHAR-BAGH Abbasi Street, from the perspective of context, one can determine the degree of visual unity. It will also be possible to put buildings in different applications according to a specific plan, while maintaining the independence of style and innovation in relation to the adjacent monuments, in peaceful coexistence with the physical environment around them. In context-oriented architectural considerations, the focus should be on the issue of retreat from the street, the distance from adjacent buildings, how to combine the construction volumes, the approximate height, proportions and orientation of the facade, the shape and distant landscape, the door and window mode, the materials, the color and the scale of the building as well as particular attention was paid to the elements of mini-scale. So far, researchers have studied this street in descriptive, historical and cultural view, but less focused on the basics of context in this axis. The purpose of this article is to introduce the context of the architecture and to analyze the featured structures of CHAHAR-BAGH Abbasi Street in accordance with the factors of context. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data collection method is done through field observation. By recognizing the context-oriented architecture and studying the principles of context-oriented, CHAHARBAGH's texture is examined through contextoriented components.

Magnificent and beauty contributed to the architecture, especially during the Islamic era, is due to the decoration of the buildings. CHAHAR BAGH masjed-madreseh (mosque-school) in Isfahan is one of masterpieces of Safavid period and also masjed Seyyed is Isfahan is one of the buildings built in the early Qajar period, especially in terms of decoration and tiling patterns.Review, study and comparison of tiling patterns of the two buildings Can be recognized the cultural identity of these two buildings. The present research is based on the relative lack of scientific study of the historical architecture of the schools buildings in our country especially in the field of decorating and using analysis-description method and library studies in the field of architectural decorations of the two buildings and the field studies, tries to assist and compares the tiling patterns of the two distinctive buildings from Qajar and Safavid eras.Research findings show that the geometric and plant motifs on the tiles, decorating most of CHAHAR BAGH School, is abstract which benefits from a simple and fluent solidity, of which the decorative handwriting is dominantly Kufic and thulth handwritings. In masjed-madreseh Seyed, the decorative images such as fruits, grapes, flowers, vases, bowls, landscape and plates have been used in a high multiplicity and also applied, under the impact of decorative arts, in the West, as some realistic, abstract and non-duplication designs. Nastaliq hadwritiing is the most dominant in the inscriptions.

Grazing animals affect rangeland vegetation structure and function directly and indirectly. These effects can be assessed in exclosures. In this study, the vegetation composition and some vegetation indices (functional groups, biomass, species diversity and richness) were compared in an exclosure (livestock excluded for about 10 years) and grazed areas in CHAHAR BAGH rangeland in Golestan province. The percentage of canopy cover, stone and gravel, bare ground, litter and the biomass were estimated in quadrates of 1m2. Results showed that there were 34 species common in both areas while 7 and 11 species were restricted to exclosure and grazed areas, respectively. Results of t-test showed that exclosure significantly increased the percentage of canopy cover of some desirable species such as Agropyron intermedium, A. trichophorum, Festuca ovina. Also, the percentage of canopy cover of hemicryptophyte, grasses, forbs, and perennials significantly increased in exclosure area. Moreover, Simpson diversity index and species number significantly increased in exclosure. The biomass of grasses and total biomass also significantly increased from grazed area to exclosure. According to the results, exclosure for less than ten years could cause some changes in vegetation of the rangeland.

Many cities and towns across the world have poured investment into improving and re-creating the urban public realm, in the redesign of plazas, streets and parks. These designs are intended to have a social impact by encouraging more active social life in urban public space. With the concern to bring back places lost vitality, recently, attention has been focused on the creation of cafe culture and developing outdoor cafes. In outdoor cafes Apart from drinking and relaxing, people enjoy a number of activities which derive from the public character of the setting: watching the world go by, being 'entertained by street life', bumping into people one knows, seeing and being seen and meeting strangers. This paper aims to investigate about the role of pavement cafes in urban regeneration and tries to probe into how these cafes can be used in order to revitalize functionally an urban place. Adopting an analytical-descriptive research method, the concepts of sidewalk cafes and their urban role is theoretically studied in this paper. After summarizing the views of leading researchers of this realm, "improving sense of attachment to place", "enhancing social interactions", "having economic benefits" and "increasing feeling of safety" are mentioned as physical, social and mental functions of outdoor cafes. The research for this article was conducted on CHAHAR BAGH Avenue in Isfahan. This case is the most important historical street of Iran which was built in safavid era by Shah Abbas as an recreational and commercial axis. Recently, regeneration of this street has become an important part of city development plans. With the concern to bring back this street lost character, most of proposals lay emphasis on rebuilding of street facades and pedestrainisation of it. Although these plans are affective and somehow essential, but they need lots of Infrastructure measures, and they are costly and time consuming. Consequently, taking into consideration of other solutions which are less expensive and time saving, seems indispensable. This paper puts forward the argument that developing sidewalk cafes and cafe culture could be considered as a Preliminary solution of regenerating CHAHAR BAGH Avenue, functionally. As a result, this paper carry out a study of all the factors that play a part as social, physical and mental restrictions of recreational activities in CHAHAR BAGH. Supporting evidences gathered by empirical examination of behavioral responses of people in this limited area. Observation and Structured and semi structured interviews were used to study deficiencies which limit users’ recreational activities on this street. Then through a descriptive-comparative approach this paper draws an analogy between the economic, social, environmental, physical-spatial, administrational and cultural dimensions of outdoor cafes and this street limitation as a recreational zone. This comparison establishes a connection between CHAHAR BAGH needs of social conditioning and what street cafes offer as social institutions. There for, this paper draws the conclusion that sidewalk cafes and cafe culture, in the absence of sufficient researches, proper decisions and governmental support, can be used in order to revitalize functionally CHAHAR BAGH Avenue.

Cityscape is a medium between man and the phenomenon of city as well as the visual-meaning related embodiment of the components of space; one component of cityscape is the signage and billboards. Advertising billboards, introducing products and services- can increase the activity and vitality of space or cause confusion. This is where the cityscapes of most of the active city-centers are covered with colour billboards. These colorful billboards have been juxtaposed overtime to satisfy the needs of shop-owners and seek the attention of the customers; therefore, they show the unique characteristic which is a particular visual identity and is the result of the effects of people’s culture and is in accordance with the needs and taste of the day. CHAHAR-BAGH-e Abbasi street is one of the oldest and most important streets of Isfahan city that is covered with the ad-billboards of shops and stores. Shop signs as one of the elements of cityscape can have positive or negative effects on qualities of public spaces. This article has used descriptive analytic way of research. Then by observing and collecting the information from the site, the strong and weak points of ad-billboards in CHAHAR-BAGH-e-Abbasi street were studied. Finally, it was concluded that the billboards have a form of harmony and arrangement with the fabric, though it does not contain visual attraction, due to the inappropriate use of color and lack of attention to the cultural background. And it is required to make reforms in this area. Three different approaches to accomplish these reforms are adopted. This article choosing the third approach establishes common quality and quantity principles provides suitable templates and examples and offers a design framework and general recommendations and organization of advertising signs on the CHAHAR-BAGH-e Abbasi street.

The increase in greenhouse gases results in climate changes and global warming and adversely affects the life on earth, while forests play a prominent role in carbon storage. The purpose of this study was to determine the most suitable allometric equations for estimating carbon storage in juniper species. For modeling, after examining the statistical results of quantitative characteristics (diameter at beast height, height and canopy area) of juniper trees and determination of amplitude of changes in breast height diameter, samples of leaf, branch, and trunk were collected from at least 3 trees in each class (total of 35 trees). The amount of carbon storage of leaf, branch, trunk and total trees was calculated in the laboratory. Allometric equations were obtained based on power, exponential and polynomial regression models. Coefficient of determination, standard deviation of fitted model, regression analysis, and normal distribution of residual values were used to validate the models. The results showed that the independent variables, diameter at beast height, crown surface and mean diameter of the crown produced equations with better modeling indices. Also, the power model (R2 = 0. 96) and polynomials (R2 = 0. 95) was more appropriate than the exponential model. The coefficient of explanation obtained from the regression models showed that these allometric equations are suitable for estimating carbon storage of juniper trees in the study area. The results also showed that each hectare of juniper forest stands was 4. 42 tonnes and 13260 tonnes of carbon was stored by underground part of the juniper species in the whole study area. The highest amount of carbon storage is in the trunk and the lowest is in the leaf. The economic value of carbon storage by species was calculated as 25034880 Rials per hectare.

The present study examines the relationship between vegetation and soil characteristics in addition to topographic factors to determine the most effective factors on the formation and establishment of vegetation in rangeland of CHAHARBAGH. After identifying the study area and determining the vegetation types, in each type along four 100 m transects, ten 2×2 m plots were put based on randomsystematic method. The size of sampling plots and their number was determined according to minimal area and statistical methods. Along each transect, two soil samples were taken from 0-20 cm and more than 20 cm depths. In addition, elevation, aspect and slope were recorded, too. Soil samples were transported to soil laboratory and properties of texture, acidity, electrical conductivity, potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter and lime were measured. After data collection, TWINSPAN was applied to classify the vegetation. Four ecological groups (the same four vegetative types) were obtained. In order to analyze the relationship of soil and topographic properties with vegetation changes, PCA and CCA methods were used. The results of both methods were almost the same.Results showed that the occurrence and distribution of understudy vegetation is hugely affected by some soil factors including texture, nitrogen, potassium, organic matter and lime compared to other properties of soil and topographic factors.

CHAHAR-BAGH is one of the most famous streets of Isfahan and perhaps, Iran. CHAHAR-BAGH, as agreen street, had a certain geometric pattern which included the rows of trees, roads, sidewalks and central stream. CHAHAR-BAGH Street was actually a lineal urban space which stretched from the north to the south, towards Naghsh Jahan square (Emam Square) as the central urban space of Esfahan and together managed to form and organize the structure of the new Safiavidpart of Isfahan beside the old Seljuk part of Isfahan. CHAHAR-BAGHStreet of Isfahan could not be considered as the first special green urban street, nor the last one.

The present study attempts, while explaining the way the symbolic messages were transferred in inscriptions and embellishments in Nim-Award and CHAHAR-BAGH schools in Isfahan, to recognize the most important messages used in a selected number of them to prepare the ground for answering the question of how the symbolic messages would be transferred in inscriptions and embellishments in Nim-Award and CHAHAR-BAGH schools in Isfahan, and what the most important symbolic messages reflected in the samples under study are. As to the method, the study was a descriptive-analytical one and was conducted with a semiotic approach. Data gathering was done using survey and library sources, and they were analyzed qualitatively. A brief section of the findings show that the symbolic function is one of the most important aspects of the embellishments in those monuments as artistic-historical media. This is in a way that the interaction between Shiism, doctrinal foundations and religious policy is known as the main reference of the artist for transferring the messages in the form of the aforementioned media; and finally, the messages are transferred to the addressees on a regular basis. The most important symbolic messages receivable from those media include stating virtues, succession (caliphate), imamate, and stating the privileges of Imam Ali (AS) for making a role-model out of him as the symbol of the Shiite art. Besides, in the discussion on composition of embellishments, the Shiite numerical symbolism has been used.

In order to analyze the quantity of Juniperus stands spatially and statistically and their relationships to topographic and edaphic features, an area of 4700 ha was selected in the CHAHAR-BAGH region at the Gorgan. The maps of slope, aspect, elevation and geology in GIS environment were overlaid to generate homogenous landform units. In each unit, some 0.1 ha sample plots were randomly selected in GIS environment. 149 sample plots were established in the field. Within each sample plot, diameter at breast height, number of trees, canopy cover and height of trees were recorded. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan comparative analysis were used to compare the properties among landform unites. The results showed that landform units were different significantly in terms of number of trees per hectare, canopy cover percentage, mean diameter of basal area and basal area at breast height. Results of nonlinear regression model showed that aspect and wetness index were the best predictors for the number of trees per hectare (R2adj= 0.57). Also a nonlinear component of aspect, stone and wetness index were the best predictors for modeling the canopy cover (R2adj=0.49). In addition, a nonlinear component of variables containing aspect, stone, wetness index and stream power was the best model for basal area at breast height prediction (R2adj= 0.56). A nonlinear component of variables including the aspect, stone, stream power and wetness index were also the best predictors to model the diameter of basal area at breast height (R2adj= 0.50).