Urbanization agglomeration that is named Jacobs EXTERNALITIES, refers to the role of economic diversification in urban. Localization agglomeration, MARshal-Arrow-Romer (MAR) EXTERNALITIES, is related to the concentration of firms activated in a special industry within a specified place. The purpose of this research is to explore the impact of different types of agglomeration economies on employment growth for provinces of Iran in 1996-2006. Empirical results demonstrate a U-shaped relationship between specialization and urban growth We find a positive impact of Jacobs's EXTERNALITIES on employment growth in provinces of Iran.

Languages are dynamic and they are constantly changing. Words are not static too and every language manipulates them to fulfil its needs. Grammaticalization is a process to manipulate words and use them in gramMAR. When a free word grammaticalizes, it could be used as a grammatical form. Grammaticalization process can make a grammatical form more grammatical, too. This paper discusses the grammaticalization of “ MAR” in New Persian. For this research, a corpus of 70 books in 127 volumes is used. These books are written between 4th-14th (Islamic Era) centuries. We searched for the use of “ MAR” and “ MAR … rā ” in the corpus. The analysis shows that this word was used highly in 4th, 5th and 6th centuries. Both of these forms are used as MARkers of different semantic roles. The frequency of different semantic roles in each century is calculated and the grammaticalization path is envisaged.

One of the main classifications in human societies is based on sex. Although this kind of classification is originated from the physiology of human beings but it can result in some stereotypings about men and women.Stereotypes are traits which can be attributed to all members of a group without considering the differences between them.In other words, stereotypes are part of the thoughts and beliefs of each society which can be reproduced within the mainstream culture and transfer to generation after generation.Sometimes these stereotypes can achieve a strong base in the society as if they are a kind of natural quality. In contemporary societies, mass media including T.V. is one of the most responsible mechanisms for reproducing the culture and its elements.In this article it is tried to answer the following questions:What kind of gender stereotypes are presented in Iranian T.V. programs?Is there any link between these stereotypes and Iranian traditional culture?The method applied in this research is qualitative and quantitative content analysis.The present study demonstrates that while in Iranian traditional culture, women have been descried as deceitful, foolish, unfaithful, passive, inferior; men are described as truthful, wise, loyal, active and superior. It is interesting to note that some of these stereotypes such as being deceitful or passive are still reproduced in Iranian T.V. dramas, and being unwise mostly is attributed to women. Generally speaking, women are portrayed as second sex. and inferior to men as superior, active, truthful and loyal. These images are even articulated in family structure which is presented in T.V. dramas.

One of the arguments in justifying the necessity of education is its EXTERNALITIES. A case of these external outcomes appears as improvement of environmental quality or prohibition of natural destruction that benefits all of people. In other words, it is claimed that education leads to the better atmosphere of life and less hazardous environment. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate that idea, with special reference to preservation of forests, and then to provide some evidence. The used method is regression analysis on the basis of documented data sources. Accordingly, a sample including 158 countries throughout the world is used which classified to three sub-samples. The data are related to 2010. Results suggest that enrolment in secondary and higher education in low income countries and enrolment in secondary education in middle income countries have negative impact on deforestation. Therefore, it can be said that education is one of the determinants in lowering deforestation in worldwide.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new method that the joining is carried out by friction between two metals and heat creation. The stress concentration phenomena in welded joint cause the stress increasing in welded zone. In this research, modeling and analysis of similar junction of IN718 and MAR-M247 and non-similar junction of IN718-MAR-M247 superalloys were performed by ANSYS Software and finally the stress concentration factors of welded samples were calculated. The stress concentration factor of similar and non-similar of junctions was assessed and compared with reported experimental data in the literatures. The results showed that, the mean stress concentration factor for similar junction of MAR-M247 and IN718 superalloys are 1. 566 and 1. 63 respectively and for non-similar junction is equal to 1. 52.

Coronary artery disease is one of the most common causes of death in the world. The disease have multifactorial nature but four important potential risk factors for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease include: hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking and diabetes mellitus. Aortic valve diseases also have multiple etiology but two of the common forms of aortic valve diseases include rheumatic and degenerative involvement. Degenerative lesion of aortic valve is associated with traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis. Echocardiography is the most important laboratory technique for evaluation and following patients with aortic valve diseases and selection for operation. Preoperative coronary angiography indicated in patients with high probability of coronary disease. If coronary disease is present, aortic valve replacement and coronary bypass graft should be performed simultaneously, because surgical risk increases when coronary disease is left untreated.Because of the differences in the reported literature on the prevalence and the factors involved in the development of coronary diseases in different areas of the world, this retrospective study was performed in Glostan Hospital Ahwaz University of Medical Sciences, between MAR. 1996 to MAR. 2001, to determine the prevalence and predicting factors of coronary disease in all aortic valve patients that undergone preoperative coronary angiography. Ninety four patients had the criteria of this study:58 patients were men and 36 patients were women. The results showed that only 13 patients had significant coronary disease. The patients were divided in two age groups of less or above 45 yrs old, 45 patients, and 49 patients respectively. In both groups the relation of coronary disease with four important atherosclerotic risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking and diabetes mellitus) and chest pain were studied by Chi Square and Fisher Exact, test. The results also showed that in younger than 45 years old, the coronary disease had significant relationship with the atherosclerotic risk factors (P<0.001) and history of chest pain (P<0.01) but these relationship was not obtained among patients 45 years age or older. The results of this study revealed low prevalence of coronary disease in aortic valve patients (13.8%) as compared with other studies (about 50%). However, similar to the previous studies, old age, major atherosclerotic risk factors and chest pain were associated with high probability of coronary disease in aortic valve patients.

Background: Fungal air Spores can play a significant role in several allergic manifestations. Respiratory allergy to environmental molds is relatively common. Allergy to airborne fungi can cause rhinitis and severe asthma.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate airborne fungal spores at Qazvin.Methods: This descriptive study was conducted by Petri - dish trapping technique. 25 different locations selected. The data were analyzed by the chi-square and t-tests.Findings: Totally, 2652 fungus colonies were counted from 150 Petri dish. The most common fungi were CLadosporium spp, Penicillium spp, Aspergillus spp.  Alternaria spp.Conclusion: Our results seem to confirm that fungal air spores, because of its quantity and variety, can represent a serious problem for human health .Reducing these indoor fungi is necessary to improve the health of individuals with fungal-induced diseases like asthma.

Internet MARkets like the application of the other Information Technologies result in decreasing cost and increasing efficiency. Sellers have lower costs and higher profits and also consumers with more information can experience better choices and cheaper shopping. Therefore, it seems that the growth of MARkets on the internet is as an indicator of improved competition. Nevertheless there are specific characteristics of the internet that could increase monopoly in internet MARkets. In this paper the presence of monopoly in internet MARkets is studied from different aspects with emphasis on network EXTERNALITIES. The results show that the presence of network EXTERNALITIES produces monopolies in internet MARkets. Also competition in internet MARkets involves R&D-races aimed at capturing MARket share through innovation or retaining MARket leadership by creating new innovations. It could be concluded that monopolistic MARket structure in internet MARket (in contrast to traditional monopoly MARkets) does not decrease consumer surplus, rather consumer surplus will increase through creation of innovations