Of the 15% of couples who experience difficulty in conceiving, approximately half involve some degree of MALE factor infertility and for 30-50% of these men; no cause is identified for the poor sperm characteristics. Although assisted reproductive technologies such as IVF and ICSI have dramatically improved the prospects for infertile couples, there are some types of MALE factor infertility that remain untreatable. These include arrested spermatogenesis which may be due to defective germ cells, an abnormal testicular environment or aberrations in endocrine pathways regulating testis function. One of the essential bases for treatment of MALE infertility is the understanding of the human spermatogenesis by modelling human germ cell development. There has previously been no robust cell-based model for examining the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of germ cell formation. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) could potentially fill this need, as all cell types analyzed to date (including mature germ cells) can be identified by marker analysis during ESC differentiation. Furthermore, ESCs could also be used to differentiate mature MALE germ cells (sperm) in culture as an alternate reprogramming cell for somatic cell nuclear transfer. Other approach is isolation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and allowing them to develop in a more ‘normal’ environment ex-vivo followed by reimplantation. Establishment of human SSCs and investigation of their differentiation to sperm in vitro, might lead to new ways for treating MALE factor infertility. These techniques could be proven as powerful tools for undertaking new types of reproductive studies, and particularly might support the development of new approaches and novel technology in assisted reproductive treatment of MALE infertility.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as a severe respiratory disease, affects various tissues and organs. The specific SARS-CoV-2 receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), is highly expressed in MALE gonads. Thus, MALE reproductive tissues could be a potential target for virus colonization. We performed a comprehensive search in PubMed and Google Scholar to retrieve relevant articles published till 15 April 2021. The keywords used were: MALE fertility, MALE reproductive health, semen parameters, sex hormones, SARS-CoV-2, and COVID-19. Validated evidence about the adverse effects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection on the MALE reproductive system is limited and few studies have reported semen analysis results or presence of viral RNA in semen samples of infected men. Nevertheless, alterations in reproductive hormones such as decreased level of testosterone (T) with raised luteinizing hormone (LH) have been reported in some patients. Although the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the MALE REPRODUCTION health remains unclear, evidence suggests that MALE gonads may be potentially vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this article, we discussed the possible impacts of COVID-19 on MALE gonads, sex hormones, and semen quality and suggested preventive solutions.

COVID19 is an infectious disease transmitted by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, whose outbreak was declared a pandemic in March 2020. To date, on November 17, 2020, 55, 243, 538 confirmed cases had been reported worldwide. Epidemiological studies in different countries have shown higher morbidity and mortality in MALE than in feMALE patients. The relationship between the COVID-19 disease and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system has also been documented. The SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through a receptor called angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and a serine protease (TMPRSS2), both widely expressed in the body, including the testes. ACE2 belongs to the RAA system, which is also expressed in the MALE reproductive system, and its absence causes infertility. Moreover, ADAM17 is a metalloprotease responsible for inflammation and spermatogenesis and is activated by SARS-CoV-ECA2. Knowledge about the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection on MALE REPRODUCTION, as well as the possibility of sexual transmission, is still limited. This review summarizes the available evidence to analyze the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on MALE REPRODUCTION and its possible sexual transmission. The reproductive consequences caused by COVID-19 are currently unknown. Although most studies have shown the absence of SARS-COV-2 in the semen and prostate secretion, there is evidence of testicular tissue alteration accompanied by inflammatory infiltration in viral orchitis. These results suggest that there may be a deterioration in the testicular function that could lead to infertility. Also, more studies are needed to assess the risk of sexual transmission.

Background: Tamoxifen is a nonstroidal antiestrogen agent which is prescribed for treatment of breast cancer. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of tamoxifen on testosterone concentration and structure of testis in MALE Wistar rats.Materials and methods: In this experimental study One group of rats (45 days old and 90g body weight) received 800mg/kg b.w tamoxifen dissolved in solvent (consisted of ethanol (60%) and physiological solution) for 10 consecutive days. The sham group received the solvent and controls did not receive any drug or solvent. After treatment period, serum testosterone level of rats was measured by ELISA method and 5µm thickness tissue sections from testes were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin.Results: Results showed that testosterone concentration decreased significantly in group which received tamoxifen compared with control group (p<0.01). A significant decrease was observed in testis diameter, thickness of seminiferous tubules and the number of spermatid and sperm cells (p<0.001).Conclusion: According to these results, we concluded that the REPRODUCTION capability of adult MALE Wistar rats decreased significantly in animals which received tamoxifen in prepubertal stage.

Nowadays, with the increased prevalence of depression in the societies, researchers have focused more attention on the long term effects of antidepressant medications on REPRODUCTION and sexual function. In vitro studies have shown that tricyclic antidepressants such as imipramine and nortriptyline impair sperm motility. Also, Serotonergic antidepressants such as fluoxetine and venlafaxine reduce MALE REPRODUCTION indirectly via effects on sexual desire (libido), erection and ejaculatory ability. Mechanisms of antidepressants are still unknown for changes in sperm function. Only neuroendocrine factors regulating the activity of the chemical mediators may have an effective role in the MALE sexual function. Most of the chemical mediators affect on hypothalamichypophyseal- gonadal axis and influence the spermatogenesis in men by this way. They can affect sexual arousal, erection, ejaculation and orgasm by sympathetic and parasympathetic regulation control and may influence fertility by their side effects on cholinergic and adrenergic receptors. In this review, the relationship between antidepressant medications and MALE REPRODUCTION, effects of antidepressant medications on the MALE sexual function and androgens levels will be discussed.

Introduction: Doxpin is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Considering the importance of this drug in treating nervous diseases, its side effects are very important on the endocrine axis. In this research the effect of Doxepin were studied on the concentration of testosterone, FSH and LH kevel and spermatogenesis.Materials and Methods: The experiments were done on 40 MALE Wistar rats that divided to 5 groups of 8. The control group received nothing. The sham group was given distilled water as a solvent. The experimental groups were injected 35, 70 and 140 mg/kg of the drug orally for 21 days. The blood samples were taken at 22d day and the concentration of testosterone; FSH and LH were measured by RIA method. In addition, at the 22d day, the testes were separated and histological changes were studied among experimental, sham and control group. The results were evaluated by using ANOVA and Duncan tests.Results: The results showed that 140 mg/kg of Doxepin reduced serum testosterone level while it increased FSH and LH levels (p<0.05). Histological investigations of the testes showed a decline on spermatogenesis chain in dose of 140 mg/kg.Conclusion: According to our findings, Doxepin decreases the concentration of testosterone level and the number of spermatogenic cells and increases FSH and LH levels at high doses. Also, it can weaken the function of reproductive activity, probably.

Inroduction & Objective: Pimozide is an antipsychotic with neuroleptic properties that has been found to be useful in the management of chronic schizophrenic patients، mania and hypomania. This drug blocks dopamine receptors. In this research the effect of pimozide were studied on pituitary gonad axis function، the concentration of testosterone، FSH and LH level and testis histological changes. Materials and Methods: The present study was done on 50 MALE rats wistar strain that divided to 5 groups of 10 animal، including: Control، sham (received normal saline as a solvent) and three pimozide (1، 2، 4 mg/ kg) received the experimental groups. The drug were administered for 30 days orally and blood samples were taken from the rats and serum concentrations of testosterone، FSH and LH were measured by RIA method. Histological changes were studied among experimental، control and sham groups. The results were evaluated by using SPSS software and ANOVA tests. Results: The results showed that 4 mg/ kg dose of pimozide reduced testosterone. The level of FSH and LH were increased (P Conclusion So in general we can say that high doses of pimozide decreases the concentration of testosterone level and the number of spermatogenic cells exception sertoli.