Effect of various NaCI treatments (0, 50, 100, 200 and 300 mM) at different growth and development stages (tillering, boot swollen, flowering and anthesis) of two wheat cultivars on the kinetic activity and PAGE electrophoretic pattern of leaf MALATE DEHYDROGENASE was studied under greenhouse conditions. Ghods was salt-sensitive and Boolani was salt-tolerant. In general, in response to salintiy treatments, the increase in MALATE DEHYDROGENASE was only significant during tillering and boot swollen and there was no significant difference between these cultivars. In addition, the electrophoretic patterns of leaf MALATE DEHYDROGENASE showed significant changes during tillering and booting and these differences were not significant between Ghods and Boolani. Thus, it seemed that salt stress could induce significant changes in the kinetic activity and PAGE electrophoretic pattern of leaf MALATE DEHYDROGENASE only during early growth stages in these cultivars.

Fagus is one of the most abundant and economically important genera of woody plants in the North of Iran. Izozyme diversity of Fagus orientalis Lipsky was investigated in 14 Iranian beech populations originating from the major part of distribution range of this tree species in Hyrcanian zone (Southern coasts of Caspian Sea). Enzyme variation of beech populations was studied using 6 isozyme Loci at 3 systems including Menadion reductase (MNR), isocitrate DEHYDROGENASE (IDH) and MALATE DEHYDROGENASE (MDH) by starch gel electrophoresis. Among 15 observed alleles, 8 rare alleles (less than 5% of the allelic frequency) and 4 specific area alleles (observed in less than 5 populations) were detected Results indicated that all rare alleles are not specific area ones. Population Neka at elevation 900 m above from sea level, Kheirud at elevation 600 m and population Asalem at elevation 600 m showed the highest number of area specific alleles. Observation of some geographical trends in alleles MNR-A/B and MDH-A/C were due to important ecological differences among the studied populations (from East far to West far and from lowest to highest borders of beech forests in Iran).

Accurate protein function prediction is an important subject in bioinformatics, especially where sequentially and structurally similar proteins have different functions. MALATE DEHYDROGENASE and L-lactate DEHYDROGENASE are two evolutionary related enzymes, which exist in a wide variety of organisms. These enzymes are sequentially and structurally similar and share common active site residues, spatial patterns and molecular mechanisms. Here, we study various features of the active site cavity of 229 PDB chain entries and try to classify them automatically by various classifiers including the support vector machine, k nearest neighbour and random forest methods. The results show that the support vector machine yields the highest predictive performance among mentioned classifiers. Despite very close and conserved patterns among MALATE DEHYDROGENASEs and L-lactate DEHYDROGENASEs, the SVM predicts the function efficiently and achieves 0.973 Matthew's correlation coefficient and 0.987 F-score. The same approach can be used in other enzyme families for automatic discrimination between homologous enzymes with common active site elements, however, acting on different substrates.

Thirty genotypes of pistachio cultivars and related species were evaluated for genetic diversity using three polymorphic isozymes, i.e. Esterase, Peroxidase and MALATE DEHYDROGENASE. Young leaves of pistachio were crushed with extraction buffer containing: 20% sucrose, 0.01 M dithiothretiol, 2% polyethylene glycol, and 8% polyvenyl polypyrollidone. Samples were analyzed using isoelectric focussing on polyacrylamide gels containing 2% (WN) ampholyte. All the three isozymes revealed high degrees of polymorphism in pistachio cultivars and related species. Maximum polymorphism was observed for Est. enzyme. A total of 19 bands in Est. and 28 bands in MDH were observed in a wide range of pH gradient; however, in Per. there were 11 bands all of which located in a narrow range of pH gradient. Cluster analysis based on the three system enzymes revealed that all the 30 pistachio genotypes were in 8 main classes and 20 subclasses and the extent of genetic similarity reduced from cultivated varieties to species, which were finally classified in 3 groups. Sarakhs variety, a wild type of P. vera, was classified in a group between cultivated varieties and species.

Enzyme phenotypes of esterase, MALATE DEHYDROGENASE and superoxide dismutase were used to identify 90 populations of Meloidogyne spp.( 62 M. javanica, 20 M. incognita, five M. arenaria and three unknown species) from different regions of Iran. Esterase was the most useful biochemical marker for identification of major species. Soluble proteins were extracted from young egg-laying females and resolved in polyacrylamid gel (%10) under nondenaturing electrophoresis conditions. Esterase profile in M. javanica populations were identified by a unique three banded pattern named J3, whereas M. incognita populations had a characteristic single banded pattern named I1. M. arenaria was identified with typically four superoxide dismutase bands named A4. The undescribed species Meloidogyne sp1, Meloidogyne sp2 and Meloidogyne sp3 were similar to M. incognita on perineal pattern but esterase pattern of the first species was J3, the second species had three bands but their rate of migration were different from M. javanica. Meloidogyne sp3 had two bands in esterase. The first two species were collected on Melissa officinalis in Ghazvin and the third species was collected from Beta vulgaris in Karaj.

Background: Bovine filariid, Setaria cervi may cause serious pathological condition such as cerebrospinal nematodiasis in sheep, goat and horses. Since TCA cycle enzymes have certain biological functions that make them essential for the survival of parasite and therefore, efficacy of diethylcarbamazine (DEC), nitazoxanide (NTZ) and a nanocomposite of nitazoxanide and silver nanoparticles (NTZ+AgNPs) was assessed on succinate, MALATE and isocitrate DEHYDROGENASEs in the microfilariae (mf) and adult S. cervi worms. Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India during 2015-2016. Adult and microfilariae of S. cervi were incubated in 100  g/ml of DEC, NTZ, and NTZ+AgNPs for 24 and 6 h, respectively at 37 ° C. Succinate, MALATE and isocitrate DEHYDROGENASEs were localized by putting the mf and adult worms in the incubating medium containing their respective substrates at 37 ° C for 2 h followed by counterstaining in 2% methylene green for 15 min. Results: Maximum inhibition of TCA cycle enzymes was observed in both microfilariae and adult worms treated with nanocomposite of NTZ-AgNPs. Ruptured sheath along with nanoparticles sticking to the body surface was noticed in NTZ+AgNPs treated microfilariae. Conclusion: NTZ+AgNPs proved most effective synergistic combination against TCA cycle enzymes which blocked the isocitrate and MALATE DEHYDROGENASE almost completely, and succinate DEHYDROGENASE to large extent in both microfilariae as well as adult worms of S. cervi. AgNPs ruptured the sheath and allowed the NTZ to attach and penetrate the main body to exert maximum effect on the enzymes.

Purpose: A simple RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the determination of almotriptan MALATE (ATM) in bulk and tablets.Methods: Chromatographic separation of ATM was achieved by using a Thermo Scientific C18 column. A Mobile phase containing a mixture of methanol, water and acetic acid (4: 8: 0.1 v/v) was pumped at the flow rate of 1 mL/min. Detection was performed at 227 nm. According to ICH guidelines, the method was validated.Results: The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range 5–60 mg/mL for the ATM with regression coefficient 0.9999. The method was precise with RSD<1.2%. Excellent recoveries of 99.60 - 100.80% proved the accuracy of the method. The limits of detection and quantification were found to be 0.025 and 0.075 mg/mL, respectively.Conclusion: The method was successfully applied for the quantification of ATM in tablets with acceptable accuracy and precision.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Pimpinella tirupatiensis (Pt) by assaying the activities of selective mitochondrial enzymes in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Diabetic rats showed a significant (p<0.01) reduction in the activities of oxidative enzymes Succinate DEHYDROGENASE (SDH), MALATE DEHYDROGENASE (MDH), Glutamate DEHYDROGENASE (GDH) and isocitrate DEHYDROGENASE (ICDH). Lactate DEHYDROGENASE (LDH) activity was significantly (p<0.01) increased in diabetic rats. The daily oral treatment of Pimpinella tirupatiensis ethyl alcohol extract (750 mg/kg body weight/day) to diabetic rats for 30 days reversed the above changes in a significant (p<0.01) manner. From our observations, we conclude that administration of Pt altered the activities of oxidative enzymes, thereby suggesting its role in mitochondrial energy production. The obtained results were compared with Glibenclamide, a standard anti diabetic drug. Thus, the modulatory effects of Pt on altering these enzymes activities afford a promise for widespread use for treatment of diabetes in the future.