A B S T R A C T Considering the location of vital centers in the heart of the cities, they are more affected by unexpected events. Hence, due to the probability of the loss of existing services and devastating effects on the social organization and the necessity to prepare essential needs of people and military agencies, planning and building the storage for essential items as a replacement for the damaged services are considered a critical factor in social and defensive reliability. This research tries to locate stockpile of essential Items in Mashhad by emphasizing passive defense criteria and analyzing stockpiles of essential items in terms of form communicational structure. The type of research is applied, and the research method is in theoretical discussion and formulation of mental models, descriptive-analytical and information-gathering methods, documents, questionnaires, and interviews. Moreover, the information analysis method is with the IHWP model in GIS software in the Locating section. In the section on examining architectural patterns and forms is content analysis. The research results show that 20.61 percent of Mashhad has an optimal location potential, and 0.94 percent of city also has a favorable potential for location. Also, parts of the north-east and south of the city have the priority for location. The types of spatial organization of the rectangular form, including centralized, four-armed, introverted, and diagonal, were investigated in the architecture department. The centralized form is preferable to other forms for its capacity and access to exits and spatial organization Extended Abstract Introduction As a stockpile of essential items to facilitate the process of activities and to achieve goals, the warehouse plays a vital role in creating this flexibility in organizations. In fact, from the point of view of crisis management, the stockpile of essential items can play a significant role in the supply chain to deal with unforeseen internal or external incidents. Passive defense in the stockpile of essential items refers to measures that do not require expensive and challenging methods and solutions to protect the stockpile of essential items. Furthermore, it can help avoid the substantial expenses of monitoring the entire inventory and increasing non-conformities (such as theft, fire, non-conformity in the inventory and management inspection, fatal accidents, etc.) or reduce this amount. Choosing the form of the stockpile of essential items for essential items with a passive defense approach requires a comprehensive analysis based on defense principles such as hierarchical protection, nationwide coverage, dynamic protection, relative self-sufficiency, and minimum vulnerability. Therefore, in addition to placing this category of stockpile of essential items in Mashhad, the mentioned research also tries to establish a relationship between architectural forms and principles of defense to reduce vulnerability and improve the level of relief in times of crisis.   Methodology The current type of research is applied, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. In this research, 29 people were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews with urban and passive defense experts. The method of data analysis is quantitative and qualitative. Also, the content analysis method was used to compile and analyze the architectural forms of the stockpile of essential items of essential items compatible with the principles of passive defense. The fuzzy quantitative model IHWP was exploited in GIS software for placing the stockpile of essential items in the studied sample.   Results and discussion Locating From the overlaying of 10 indicators, distance from the fault, height of buildings, distance from gas lines, distance from high voltage power lines, road width, building density, risk of uses, distance from water transmission lines, population density, and land prone to liquefaction, location in 10 class was conducted that the first and second priority is the north-east and south of Mashhad, which has the most favorable location. In Mashhad, 17.2% of the city area has a very low score, 12.8% low score, 48.37% medium score, 20.61% high score, and 0.94% very high score regarding location desirability.   Architecture According to the previous studies on geometric forms, the suitable form for warehouse design is a simple form that does not have frequent breaks and sharp and vague points to reduce the spatial deviation. Among the geometrical shapes, square and rectangular right-cornered shapes meet the criteria of warehouse design. In the meantime, the rectangle can define joints along its length, each of which is a focal point for concentrating activities and organizing their performance. Additionally, the internal spaces in this form are reasonably defined, which results in the building's overall form being overshadowed. This also makes the surrounding accesses more targeted and focused, ultimately providing more suitable relief during times of crisis. In order to create four types of stockpiles of essential items, A (centralized), B (four arms), C (introverted), and D (polar) were designed, and the way of combining these stockpiles of essential items was expressed and analyzed separately. The research results on accesses and circulation shows that type A covers a population of over 100,000 people, which has the best performance in terms of access to exits and spatial organization and provides services in times of crisis. Therefore, type A, due to the sequence of layers, lines, and expansion on the surface, has the most functional symmetry with the body of the warehouse, and its spatial projection is limited to adapt the shell to the body. Visually, it has the least visibility from a high height. Due to its volume and formal indicators, it has a high level of homogeneity and camouflage with its surrounding environment.   Conclusion The results of placing stockpiles of essential items in Mashhad showed that the northeast and south of the city have a higher talent for establishment. According to the examination of geometric forms, the rectangular form has the most efficiency for warehouse design in the architecture area. Due to formal capabilities such as the value of lines, angles, and proportions, it has the most efficiency in terms of performance, motion circulation, and the least spatial deviation. In order to research as mentioned above, after choosing the dominant form of the rectangle, an attempt has been made to analyze the spatial organization of the rectangular form using linear, combined, decomposition, and combination methods and centripetal and radial arrangements in terms of passive defense principles. Furthermore, four different types of warehouse design were formally analyzed as patterns and representative types, which are four arms, centralized, introverted, and diagonal, each of which, in addition to functional capabilities, also covers the population's needs in crisis conditions. Finally, the concentrated type due to the extent of its successive lines and layers in close proximity to each other, the perceptibility of the surfaces of the body joints because it can be recognized from a high altitude in order not to be identified in times of crisis such as air raid, they have the highest degree of compatibility between function and form from the point of view of passive defense.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

Concept of Locating business units includes the most important factors in their success and one the most competitive advantage of industrial units. Entrepreneurs have been considered in this context, and different mathematical models have been developed. This paper aims to develop a decision support system based on a mathematical model in linear programming. In a comprehensive approach to this article, three general headings can be recognized. First, as background concepts related to decision support systems, expert systems and mathematics of location reviewed. On the second part, the foundations of mathematics and logic model used in this study is explained. Finally, the samples software designed to implement the model are introduced and as a case study finding a best place for a toy manufacturing is studied and based on the outputs of software the province of Qom have introduced.

Environmental hazards are one of the main obstacles to the achievement of sustainable development, especially in human settlements (especially villages). Over the past decades, with the crisis management approach, the use of all management achievements, organization and pre-crisis planning to deal with hazards Natural and human is rational and necessary. In dealing with emerging crises, one of the main pillars of proper coping and prevention of the negative effects of these hazards is the inclusion of crisis management centers, which include all prevention, preparedness and response measures, including relief, temporary accommodation of the incident, in which It is possible to minimize the consequences of a possible crisis. Hence, the city of Ardabil, due to being located in an area of seismicity and its location in the border area of the country, has a high potential for the development of non-human hazards. Therefore, in this study, using a descriptive-analytical approach, using the Hierarchical Analytic Model (AHP) (13 criteria), the area of Ardabil city was zoned in order to locate Rural Crisis Management Centers and using the TOPSIS (8 criteria) model Prioritization of Rural Crisis Management Centers was conducted within the study area. The results of the research show that 13. 3% of the land in Ardebil has the highest ability to establish crisis management centers. With respect to the specified areas, 7 locations for the establishment of crisis management centers were identified and the TOPSIS model was used to prioritize these centers and the results showed that the base number 2 has the highest capability and the base number 1 Featuring the lowest capacity for deployment of crisis management center

Landfills are potentially seriously pollutant areas. It is therefore necessary to prudently locate landfills in the periphery of the city to prevent potential ecological and hygienic hazards. A system linking various data to spatial location, GIS can be a useful tool in this area. The factors affecting the location of a landfill include: typography, climatic conditions, geology, water resources, adjacent land use, economical and aesthetic factors, as well as access to infrastructure. The appropriateness of a certain site with regard to these factors can be determined using Boolean operators. This paper describes the process of and an algorithm for determining appropriate sites for landfills using GIS.

Determination and identification of areas with economic potential, particularly in the production and processing of agricultural products and targeted investments in rural, urban and regional planning, is one of the important issues and it has a critical role in increasing employment, income, rural productivity and improve livelihood of this country. In this context, the aim of this study is to establish priority locations for processing agricultural cooperatives in rural areas of the West provinces (i.e. Kermanshah, Kurdistan, Ilam, Lorestan and Hamedan) by using TOPSIS. For this purpose, the availability of raw materials were selected as one of the most important factors affecting the establishment of cooperatives in rural areas of the West of the Country, and it was used to determine the weights while studying the literature by using the snowball sampling method. For this purpose, eleven instructor and experts from the industries in charge of agricultural products processing were selected and their comments were used. The results showed that based on the availability of raw materials to industries, rural areas of Kermanshah and Hamadan had the highest level of TOPSIS method based cooperatives and the rural areas in the provinces of Lorestan, Kurdistan, and Ilam was ranked third to the fifth.

Processed products play an important role in agriculture, rural and employment development. The major function of these industries is to process agriculture and domestic products into valuable and final productions. This paper followed two principal goals: 1) determination of the best site for establishing a fruit juice factory in Bonab county and 2) application of analytic hierarchy process in site selection. The method of the research is an analytic-statistical one. Thus at the aid with use of centrality model and location coefficient, we selected suitable sites for establishment of the industry. Then analytic hierarchy process we selected the best site for establishment of the industry.