We describe a rare case of laryngeal fasciitis ossificans. A 58-year-old man presented with hoarseness and a nodule was found in the Larynx. Excisional biopsy was performed, and follow-up laryngoscopy showed complete resolution of this reactive lesion, and normal laryngeal function. The 0.6 cm diameter nodule was well circumscribed and histologically, the lesion was composed of uniform woven bone trabeculae with rimming of osteoblasts and cellular stroma. At the periphery, uniform spindle cells actively proliferated in edematous stroma. Spindle cells were immunoreactive for vimentin andα-smooth muscle actin, suggesting myofibroblastic differentiation. Fasciitis ossificans is histologically identical to myositis ossificans, but tends to present no zonation phenomenon.Fasciitis ossificans is a rare form of heterotopic bone formation, commonly presenting with signs of local inflammation or pain. This patient’s successful outcome suggests that conservative resection may be both diagnostic and curative.

Squamous cell carcinoma comprises 95% of laryngeal carcinomas. It is usually detected by laryngoscopic evaluation. Imaging plays an important role in the evaluation of submucosal extension and staging of this malignancy. Supraglottic, glottic and sublottic regions are separately evaluated. In supraglottic region extension of the mass to preepilottic and paraglottic spaces and cartilges invasion are assssed. Bilateral TVCs and anterior commissure are evaluated in the glottic region and cricoid ring is scrutinized in subglottic area. Complete evaluation of cervical lymph nodes and distant metastasis are the next step. Hypopharyngeal SCC can involve pyriform sinus, post-cricoid and posterior pharyngeal walls. These must be differentiated from laryngeal carcinoma extension.

The soft tissues of the neck and the mucosal surfaces of the Larynx are readily accessible either by indirect visualization using a mirror or direct visualization by an endoscope. Therefore, endoLarynx can entirely be seen and most tumors are diagnosed. If voice problems are suspected, videotaping of direct examination allows assessment of subtle movement disorders. Only if initial clinical evaluation is inconclusive, a direct examination under anesthesia is performed. This inspection allows better direct observation of the laryngeal mucosa as well as better direct examination of the laryngeal ventricle and the subglottic region. Deep soft tissue extension or cartilaginous involvement can not be visualized. Consequently, the evaluation is performed by imaging , carried out as an adjunct to direct assessment. The Larynx presents one of the true challenges of head and neck imaging. The organ is small and in almost constant motion.Breathing and swallowing create significant artifacts that can be controlled only briefly. The quality of laryngeal images has always been related to acquisition speed. Despite the mentioned drawbacks, multidetector spiral CT scanning and fast MRI techniques can develop excellent images. The information obtained by modern imaging when combined with surface visualization of modern laryngoscopy, provides excellent understanding of laryngeal pathology. A discussion of the laryngopharynx (hypopharynx) is included because of its intimate relationship to the posterior aspect of the Larynx. Behind the oral cavity and extending from the base of the skull to the level of the caudal cricoid cartilage, is the mucosa-lined musculomembranous tube known as the pharynx. The pharynx has been subdivided into 3 sections: 1-Nasopharynx, which extends from the skull base to the level of the hard palate. 2-Oropharynx, which extends from the level of the hard palate to the level of the hyoid bone. 3-Hypopharynx which extends from the level of the hyoid bone to the caudal margin of the cricoid cartilage or the top of cricopharyngeus.

Malignant mesenchymal tumors of the Larynx constitute 0.3% to 1% of all laryngeal cancers. Of them, osteosarcoma is the rarest. Osteosarcoma of the Larynx may be a difficult clinical diagnosis. Pathologic confirmation of osteoid is required for the diagnosis. Treatment is primarily surgical. It is believed that aggressive surgical intervention directed at complete tumor extirpation is the treatment of choice. Outcomes of such patients are generally poor. Most patients die because of pulmonary metastasis. A case is reported here and a review of all available published cases of osteosarcoma of the Larynx is presented.

Paraganglioma of the Larynx is a rare neoplasm which mostly arises from supraglottic area. Herein, we report on a 45-yearold woman presented with supraglottic laryngeal paraganglioma.

Leprosy is an ancient deforming disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which is still poorly understood and often feared by the general public and even by some in the health care professions Fortunately, the outlook for patients has dramatically improved over the last three decades with the introduction of multi-drug treatment and management strategies that have somewhat diminished the stigma of this diagnosis. We report a rare case of leprosy of Larynx. A 45 year old man presented with complaints cough, dyspnea and hoarseness since many years ago. Because of demonstration of acid fast bacilli in smear of his sputum, the diagnosis of tuberculosis was made and anti tuberculosis treatment was initiated. But he developed fever and his symptoms exacerbated. In examination there was a tender erythematous nodule on right supraclavicular region, loss of eyebrows and lashes and disseminated hyper and hypo pigmented cutaneous lesions on abdomen, thorax, back with normal chest x ray. Laryngoscopy to rule out laryngeal tuberculosis was done and granulomatous lesion was seen. Laryngeal and skin biopsy was performed which numerous acid fast bacilli, macrophages and foamy cells suggestive of lepromatous leprosy were demonstrated in both specimens. Treatment was started on multi bacillary regime of WHO multidrug therapy. In conclusion, this report highlights the importance of systemic involvement in lepromatous leprosy especially when the initial presentation is laryngitis or respiratory symptoms. Laryngeal leprosy may mistaken with tuberculosis laryngitis due to respiratory problems and existence of acid fast bacilli in respiratory secretions.

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to compare the videolaryngostroboscopic findings between patients with rheumatoid arthritis and vocally healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This case-control descriptive study was performed on 113 people, including 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 63 controls. The participants were subjected to videolaryngostroboscopic examinations in order to evaluate fundamental frequency, different structural vocal lesions, patterns of glottal closure, subglottal changes, supraglottis appearance, and movement patterns of the arytenoid cartilage. The obtained results were compared between the two research groups. Data analysis was performed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 24. 0. A p-value less than 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results revealed a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of the complete pattern (P=0. 00) and strained state of glottal closure (P=0. 00), pattern of subglottal changes (χ 2=25. 98, df=2; P<0. 001), and movement patterns of the arytenoid (χ 2=21. 16, df=1; P<0. 001). Additionally, based on the obtained frequencies, the two groups showed significant differences regarding the normal state of the Larynx (P=0. 00), hypertrophy of vocal fold (P=0. 007), epithelial change (P=0. 007), and Reinke's edema (P=0. 001). However, the videolaryngostroboscopic examination results revealed no significant difference between the two groups in terms of polyp (P=0. 20), nodule (P=0. 57), sulcus vocalis (P=0. 08), cyst (P=0. 45), and atrophy of vocal folds (P=0. 45). Conclusion: It seems that rheumatoid arthritis affects the patterns of arytenoids movement, some kinds of glottal closure patterns, and subglottal changes. As the results indicated, the occurrence of some laryngeal structural changes was higher in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than in individuals without this disorder.

In this study, 10 samples of the Larynx of Camelus dromedarius were evaluated anatomically and histologically. The usual anatomical and histological (H&E and Verhoeff staining methods) were used. For detecting the internal form of Larynx, plaster casts were prepared. This study demonstrated that the mean length and width of epiglottis and thyroid cartilages were 8.21±0.28, 4.59 ± 0.34 cm, 6.53±0.28 and ­6.99 ± 0.15­cm, respectively. The average length of dorsal and ventral part of cricoid cartilage was 6.06 ± 0.17 and 4.58 ± 0.25 cm. The mean length of T head and T handle in arytenoid cartilage was 3.58 ± 0.11 and 3.35 ± 0.05 cm, respectively. In addition, the average length and width of corniculate cartilage was 3.52­ ±­0.03 and 1.73 ± 0.04 cm. In this animal, the epiglottis cartilage was long and pointed. Laryngeal prominence in thyroid cartilage was absent. The cuneiform cartilage is very thin and located in the base and sides of epiglottis. Contrary to other animals, the cricoid cartilage of this animal in both dorsal and ventral parts was very thick. Moreover, the vocal and vestibular folds with lateral laryngeal ventricle were present. The histological study showed that epiglottis, corniculate, apex of cuneiform and arytenoid cartilages are made of elastic cartilage and the other cartilages such as thyroid, cricoid and the base of cuneiform cartilages are made of hyaline cartilage. The epithelial tissue of all parts of Larynx was stratified squamous nonkeratinized except the cricoid cartilage which had ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

Introduction: Malignant mesenchymal tumors of the Larynx are rare. One type of malignant mesenchymal tumor is synovial sarcoma with unknown histogenesis, which occurs predominantly in the lower extremities of young adults. The head and neck region is a relatively rare location. There are few cases of malignant mesenchymal tumors with laryngeal localization in literature.Case Report: In this report, a new case in a 23-year-old man, which was referred with increasing hoarseness for eight months, and dysphagia, odynophagia, and dyspnea since nearly one year ago, is reported. Indirect laryngoscopy revealed a laryngeal submucosal mass. The patient was operated and the histopathological diagnosis of synovial sarcoma was confirmed by IHC (Immunohistochemisry).Conclusion: Synovial sarcoma occurs predominantly in the lower extremities of young adults. Because very few cases of laryngeal synovial sarcoma are reported, every new case will bring some new information about diagnosis and therapy. It is of utmost importance to get to know new aspects and therapeutical modalities of this rare tumor.