Introduction: Some studies conducted so far suggest that exercising during adolescence and young age can increase the amount and DENSITY of BONE minerals to be stored for the age of senility. However, it has not been confirmed yet what type and intensity of BONE minerals may provide for a maximum rate of the anabolic stimulation. Thus, the purpose of this study is to compare the amount and DENSITY of the BONE minerals in male soccer and handball professional athletes with those of male non-athletes’.Materials and Methods: This is a an experimental research study on 42 males ranging 20-30 years old who were divided into three groups consisting of: 14 professional soccer athletes (Experimental Group 1) ,14 professional handball athletes (Experimental Group 2) and 14 young male non-athletes (Control Group). The athletes had the experience of at least three continuous years of regular professional exercising (3 sessions a week) and participating in national championships. These participants were selected from Mashhad athletic clubs, while the non-athletes were experiencing their first session of exercising in the club. Using DEXA, the participants’ BMD of arm femur and BONE mass was measured. Then, the collected data were investigated at the significance level of 5 percent, using descriptive statistics and unilateral variance analysis as well as LSD pursuit test.Results: The obtained results from this research indicate that there was not any significant difference among the three groups of the study in terms of BMD of the arms. Also, in terms of femur and BONE mass, there was no significant difference between two groups of athletes, i.e. soccer players and handball players (P=0.465). However, the findings suggest a significant difference between the control group and soccer player group (P=0.001) and also between the control and handball player group (P=0.004).Conclusion: As a result, the findings of this study conform to the theory which states that BONE response to the mechanical loading depends on the type and style of athletic activities.

Introduction: Steoporosis is currently one of the prevalent diseases. The effect of exercise on BONE marrow DENSITY (BMD) has been documented for all age groups. The aim of this research was to compare the effects of endurance vs. resistance trainings on local BONE Mineral DENSITY (BMD) changes. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six volunteer female university students (age average: 22.58±1.56; Body Mass Index average: 22.85±2.17), with sedentary lifestyles, were selected and randomly divided to three groups (n=12 in each group). These groups were determined as: The endurance group who ran for 36 sessions on a treadmill over a period of 3 weeks at 70 to 80 percent of the maximum heart-beat rate. They were required to run for 40 minutes per session on the other hand, the resistance group received 36 circuit training sessions at the rate of 70 to 80 percent of 1RM with 6 to 8 repetitions in 3 sets with 2 minutes of rest in between. The third group of the study was the control group.Results: Both the endurance and the resistance training protocols induced significant increases in BMD in the areas of lumbar, neck and femur (P<0.05). However, the variation was more significant for the endurance group in the neck and femur while it was in the aerobic group where better effects were observed in the lumbar region (P<0.05). Conclusion: There was no considerable differences between the two modes of exercise (i.e. endurance and resistance) in terms of the increase of skeleton’s local BONE mineral DENSITY.

Objective: We aimed to assess the effect and duration of gluten-free diet on BONE health in children with celiac disease in our study.Methods: Sixty three patients with celiac disease (CD) formed the study group. They were divided into two subgroups according to their dietary compliance. BONE mineral DENSITY (BMD) values of the patients at two and five years of gluten-free diet (GFD) were determined.Findings: The relationship between BMD and compliance to GFD was found to be statistically significant (P<0.01). BMD z-scores were increased (0.12±0.15 and 0.10±0.14 units respectively) (P<0.01). The patients in group 1 and 2 had mean -1.18±0.83 and -2.06±0.73 z-scores in the first DXA. In the second DXA, these values were -1.10±0.73 and-1.94±0.93 respectively.Conclusion: Dietary compliance is important for BONE health, and the time needed to normalize the BMD is not known. Patients with positive anti-endomysium antibody (EMA), poor dietary history and history of BONE pain should be evaluated with DXA during folLOW-up.

Aims: Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic BONE disease, which is defined as a decrease in BONE mass. This disease is known with the change and destruction or reduction of skeletal structure and increased risk of fracture. This study was conducted to investigate the risk factors in decreasing BONE DENSITY in premenopausal women. Methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, 644 premenopausal women who were referred to BONE densitometry center of a hospital in Tehran participated in the research. Then, based on BONE densitometry results the participants were divided into two groups: BONE DENSITY loss 9 case groups) and normal BONE DENSITY (control group). The information associated with risk factors of BONE DENSITY loss were collected by osteoporosis Canadian standard questionnaire and was analyzed with chi square test and T-test. Results: Amount of spinal osteoporosis was 8.9% and the rate of osteopenia in these areas was 53.4%. There was significant difference between the case and control groups among the risk factors in calcium deficiency, lactose intolerance, history of corticosteroid drugs, methotrexate, anticonvulsants, disease of rheumatoid arthritis, hyperthyroidism, thalassemia minor and LOWer than 58kg weight.Conclusion: The factors such as diet and the lack of consumption of dairy products, pharmaceutical parameters including corticosteroids and Methotrexate and glandular or rheumatologic diseases are among the important and effective factors in reduction of BONE DENSITY in postmenopausal women.

As women go through menopause, serum estrogen decreases, and ferritin increases. Ferritin is an essential component of the body, but many studies have stated that ferritin, which exceeds the normal physiological range, may potentially cause health problems in women. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between BONE mineral DENSITY and serum ferritin levels in post-menopausal women and to evaluate serum ferritin levels as a potential biomarker for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Serum ferritin levels were measured in 62 postmenopausal women with LOW BONE mineral DENSITY, and in 18 postmenopausal healthy control women using a standardized Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. BONE mineral DENSITY BMD was assessed at the lumbar spine and femoral neck. The mean serum ferritin level was significantly higher in the postmenopausal women with LOW BMD group (group 1) than in the normal control group (group 2), respectively (mean=262. 69 vs. 181. 44 ng/ml, (P<0. 05), and serum ferritin level was negatively correlated with BMD among LOW BMD postmenopausal women's group (R=-0. 628, P=0. 0001), and in the healthy postmenopausal group (R=-0. 052, P=0. 838). A comparison of the BMD between spine and femur neck sites shows that the frequency of LOW BMD in the spine site is higher than the femur neck site. Our findings show that increased serum ferritin levels were associated with LOW BONE mineral DENSITY in postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Background and Aim: Trace elements have been considered to play critical roles in BONE metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine serum zinc profile and its association with BONE mineral DENSITY (BMD) abnormalities in thalassemic patients.Materials and Methods: Serum zinc levels of 131 transfusion-dependent β-thalassemic patients, between 10-20 years of age, were measured by flame-atomic absorption spectrophotometry (F-AAS). BMD values at lumbar (L1-L4) and femoral neck were determined by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Daily dietary zinc and calcium intake were evaluated by food frequency questionnaires. Patients’ history of treatment and demographic data were obtained.Results: LOW serum zinc was present in 84.8% of the patients and severely LOW levels detected in 44.7%. In 68.7% and 17.6% of the patients BMD z-scores less than (-2) were observed at lumbar and femoral regions. Female patients with severe zinc deficiency had LOWer lumbar BMD z-scores (-3.26) in comparison to other females (-2.54). Serum zinc levels of female patients with femoral BMD z-scores less than (-2), were significantly LOWer than those of other females. Conclusion: Considering LOW serum zinc level and decreased daily zinc intake, proper nutrition of thalassemic patients showld be regarded important.