obesity is one of the most serious problems of public health and the fifth leading cause of death. It is estimated that 44% of diabetic load, 23% of heart ischemic load and 7-41% of all cancers load are related to obesity. Approximately 80% of older adults (+65years) have at least one of the above mentioned chronic diseases, and 50% have at least two chronic disease (1). Along with other organs, brain is also affected with aging...

Objective: Cellular decision-making is a key process in which cells with similar genetic and environmental background make dissimilar decisions. This stochastic process, which happens in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells including stem cells, causes cellular diversity and phenotypic variation. In addition, fitness predicts and describes changes in the genetic composition of populations throughout the evolutionary history. Fitness may thus be defined as the ability to adapt and produce surviving offspring. Here, we present a mathematical model to predict the fitness of a cell and to address the fundamental issue of phenotypic variation. We study a basic decision-making scenario where a bacteriophage lambda reproduces in E. coli, using both the lytic and the lysogenic pathways. In the lytic pathway, the bacteriophage replicates itself within the host bacterium. This fast replication overcrowds and in turn destroys the host bacterium. In the lysogenic pathway, however, the bacteriophage inserts its DNA into the host genome, and is replicated simultaneously with the host genome.Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, a mathematical predictive model was developed to estimate fitness as an index of survived offspring. We then leverage experimental data to validate the predictive power of our proposed model. A mathematical model based on game theory was also generated to elucidate a rationale behind cell decision.Results: Our findings indicate that a rational decision that is aimed to maximize life expectancy of offspring is almost identical to bacteriophage behavior reported based on experimental data. The results also showed that stochastic decision on cell fate maximizes the expected number of survived offspring.Conclusion: We present a mathematical framework for analyzing a basic phenotypic variation problem and explain how bacteriophages maximize offspring LONGEVITY based on this model. We also introduce a mathematical benchmark for other investigations of phenotypic variation that exists in eukaryotes including stem cell differentiation.

Introduction: Aging is one of the most important risk factors for some disease, so that one of the major aims of aging research is the identification and analysis of compounds that playing role in delay aging and increase LONGEVITY. In rodents’ Caloric Restriction (CR), in a way that does not cause malnutrition, increased lifespan 50%, however it leave harmful effects, so researchers sought to find a combination that can imitate the effects of CR without any harmful effects. Resveratrol is one of the natural chemicals derived from plants that it is a member of polyphenols family, and it has great antioxidant nature. This article reviews the mechanisms of resveratrol functions on LONGEVITY and prevention from aging and aging-related diseases and processes.Materials & methods: This study has reviewed 40 published articles by using PubMed, Elsevier, NCBI and EBSCO databases to explaining the resveratrol function in LONGEVITY.Findings: Recently, it has been proven that, Resveratrol by delaying all the processes of aging, increased lifespan in many animals in Laboratory model, including fruit flies, nematodes, fishes and mice.Discussion & Conclusion: The action mechanism of resveratrol is very similar to CR action mechanism, both can extend lifespan by improving disease related to aging, such as, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, Alzheimer and cancer which this resveratrol effects depended on Sirtuins activity that evolutionarily, they are classified as conserved family of NAD+-dependent class III histone deacetylase, particularly SIRT1, which is the main regulator of molecular mechanism of aging processes.